gbadisplay: add simple driver for the GameBoy Advance display

This only implements the 15 bits per pixel mode, not any of the other
possible display modes. This matches conventional SPI displays most
closely. Future additions might add more display modes.

Normally I'd argue interfacing with chip/board specific hardware should
be done in the machine package using a generic interface, but the GBA is
kind of special and I don't want the machine package to depend on the
tinygo.org/x/drivers/pixel package.

adafruit4650/device.go

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+// Package adafruit4650 implements a driver for the Adafruit FeatherWing OLED - 128x64 OLED display.
+// The display is backed itself by a SH1107 driver chip.
+//
+// Store: https://www.adafruit.com/product/4650
+//
+// Documentation: https://learn.adafruit.com/adafruit-128x64-oled-featherwing
+package adafruit4650
+
+import (
+	"image/color"
+	"time"
+
+	"tinygo.org/x/drivers"
+)
+
+const DefaultAddress = 0x3c
+
+const (
+	commandSetLowColumn  = 0x00
+	commandSetHighColumn = 0x10
+	commandSetPage       = 0xb0
+)
+
+const (
+	width  = 128
+	height = 64
+)
+
+// Device represents an Adafruit 4650 device
+type Device struct {
+	bus     drivers.I2C
+	Address uint8
+	buffer  []byte
+	width   int16
+	height  int16
+}
+
+// New creates a new device, not configuring anything yet.
+func New(bus drivers.I2C) Device {
+	return Device{
+		bus:     bus,
+		Address: DefaultAddress,
+		width:   width,
+		height:  height,
+	}
+}
+
+// Configure initializes the display with default configuration
+func (d *Device) Configure() error {
+
+	bufferSize := d.width * d.height / 8
+	d.buffer = make([]byte, bufferSize)
+
+	// This sequence is an amalgamation of the datasheet, official Arduino driver, CircuitPython driver and other drivers
+	initSequence := []byte{
+		0xae, // display off, sleep mode
+		//0xd5, 0x41, // set display clock divider (from original datasheet)
+		0xd5, 0x51, // set display clock divider (from Adafruit driver)
+		0xd9, 0x22, // pre-charge/dis-charge period mode: 2 DCLKs/2 DCLKs (POR)
+		0x20,       // memory mode
+		0x81, 0x4f, // contrast setting = 0x4f
+		0xad, 0x8a, // set dc/dc pump
+		0xa0,       // segment remap, flip-x
+		0xc0,       // common output scan direction
+		0xdc, 0x00, // set display start line 0 (POR=0)
+		0xa8, 0x3f, // multiplex ratio, height - 1 = 0x3f
+		0xd3, 0x60, // set display offset mode = 0x60
+		0xdb, 0x35, // VCOM deselect level = 0.770 (POR)
+		0xa4, // entire display off, retain RAM, normal status (POR)
+		0xa6, // normal (not reversed) display
+		0xaf, // display on
+	}
+
+	err := d.writeCommands(initSequence)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// recommended in the datasheet, same in other drivers
+	time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ClearDisplay clears the image buffer as well as the actual display
+func (d *Device) ClearDisplay() error {
+	d.ClearBuffer()
+	return d.Display()
+}
+
+// ClearBuffer clears the buffer
+func (d *Device) ClearBuffer() {
+	bzero(d.buffer)
+}
+
+// SetPixel modifies the internal buffer. Since this display has a bit-depth of 1 bit any non-zero
+// color component will be treated as 'on',  otherwise 'off'.
+func (d *Device) SetPixel(x int16, y int16, c color.RGBA) {
+	if x < 0 || x >= d.width || y < 0 || y >= d.height {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// RAM layout
+	//    *-----> y
+	//    |
+	//   x|     col0  col1  ... col63
+	//    v  p0  a0    b0         ..
+	//           a1    b1         ..
+	//           ..    ..         ..
+	//           a7    b7         ..
+	//       p1  a0    b0
+	//           a1    b1
+	//
+
+	//flip y - so the display orientation matches the silk screen labeling etc.
+	y = d.height - y - 1
+
+	page := x / 8
+	bytesPerPage := d.height
+	byteIndex := y + bytesPerPage*page
+	bit := x % 8
+	if (c.R | c.G | c.B) != 0 {
+		d.buffer[byteIndex] |= 1 << uint8(bit)
+	} else {
+		d.buffer[byteIndex] &^= 1 << uint8(bit)
+	}
+}
+
+// Display sends the whole buffer to the screen
+func (d *Device) Display() error {
+
+	bytesPerPage := d.height
+
+	pages := (d.width + 7) / 8
+	for page := int16(0); page < pages; page++ {
+
+		err := d.setRAMPosition(uint8(page), 0)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		offset := page * bytesPerPage
+		err = d.writeRAM(d.buffer[offset : offset+bytesPerPage])
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// setRAMPosition updates the device's current page and column position
+func (d *Device) setRAMPosition(page uint8, column uint8) error {
+	if page > 15 {
+		panic("page out of bounds")
+	}
+	if column > 127 {
+		panic("column out of bounds")
+	}
+	setPage := commandSetPage | (page & 0xF)
+
+	lo := column & 0xF
+	setLowColumn := commandSetLowColumn | lo
+
+	hi := (column >> 4) & 0x7
+	setHighColumn := commandSetHighColumn | hi
+
+	cmds := []byte{
+		setPage,
+		setLowColumn,
+		setHighColumn,
+	}
+
+	return d.writeCommands(cmds)
+}
+
+// Size returns the current size of the display.
+func (d *Device) Size() (w, h int16) {
+	return d.width, d.height
+}
+
+func (d *Device) writeCommands(commands []byte) error {
+	onlyCommandsFollowing := byte(0x00)
+	return d.bus.Tx(uint16(d.Address), append([]byte{onlyCommandsFollowing}, commands...), nil)
+}
+
+func (d *Device) writeRAM(data []byte) error {
+	onlyRAMFollowing := byte(0x40)
+	return d.bus.Tx(uint16(d.Address), append([]byte{onlyRAMFollowing}, data...), nil)
+}
+
+func bzero(buf []byte) {
+	for i := range buf {
+		buf[i] = 0
+	}
+}

adafruit4650/device_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+package adafruit4650
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	_ "embed"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"image"
+	"image/color"
+	"image/draw"
+	"image/png"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+	"tinygo.org/x/drivers"
+	"tinygo.org/x/tinyfont"
+	"tinygo.org/x/tinyfont/freemono"
+)
+
+//go:embed expected_hello_world.png
+var expectedHelloWorld []byte
+
+// mockBus mocks a fake i2c device adafruit4650 display.
+// The memory layout assumes that clients set up the device in a particular way and always send complete
+// pages to the device buffer.
+type mockBus struct {
+	img           draw.Image
+	line          int
+	addr          uint8
+	currentPage   int
+	currentColumn int
+}
+
+func (m *mockBus) Tx(addr uint16, w, r []byte) error {
+	if addr != uint16(m.addr) {
+		panic("unexpected address")
+	}
+	if r != nil {
+		panic("mock does not support reads")
+	}
+
+	if w[0] == 0x00 {
+		if w[1]&0xf0 == 0xb0 {
+			m.currentPage = int(w[1] & 0x0f)
+
+			lo := w[2] & 0x0f
+			hi := w[2] & 0x07
+			m.currentColumn = int(hi<<4 | lo)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	if w[0] != 0x40 {
+		panic("unexpected first byte: " + hex.EncodeToString(w[0:1]))
+	}
+
+	return m.writeRAM(w[1:])
+}
+
+func newMock() *mockBus {
+
+	m := image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, width, height))
+	return &mockBus{img: m, addr: DefaultAddress, currentPage: -1, currentColumn: -1}
+}
+
+func (m *mockBus) writeRAM(data []byte) error {
+
+	// RAM layout
+	//    *-----> y
+	//    |
+	//   x|     col0  col1  ... col63
+	//    v  p0  a0    b0         ..
+	//           a1    b1         ..
+	//           ..    ..         ..
+	//           a7    b7         ..
+	//       p1  a0    b0
+	//           a1    b1
+	//
+
+	fmt.Printf("writing page %d\n", m.currentPage)
+	// assuming entire pages will be written
+	for x := 0; x < 8; x++ {
+		for y := 0; y < height; y++ {
+
+			col := data[y]
+
+			c := color.Black
+			if col&(1<<x) != 0 {
+				c = color.White
+			}
+
+			m.img.Set(x+m.currentPage*8, height-y-1, c)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockBus) toImage() *image.RGBA {
+
+	container := image.NewRGBA(m.img.Bounds().Inset(-1))
+	draw.Draw(container, container.Bounds(), image.NewUniform(color.RGBA{G: 255, A: 255}), image.Point{}, draw.Over)
+	draw.Draw(container, m.img.Bounds(), m.img, image.Point{}, draw.Over)
+	return container
+}
+
+func TestDevice_Display(t *testing.T) {
+
+	bus := newMock()
+	dev := New(bus)
+
+	dev.Configure()
+
+	drawPlus(&dev)
+	drawHellowWorld(&dev)
+
+	//when
+	dev.Display()
+
+	//then
+	actual := bus.toImage()
+
+	expected, err := png.Decode(bytes.NewReader(expectedHelloWorld))
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	assertEqualImages(t, actual, expected)
+}
+
+func drawPlus(d drivers.Displayer) {
+	for i := int16(0); i < 128; i++ {
+		d.SetPixel(i, 32, color.RGBA{R: 1})
+	}
+	for i := int16(0); i < 64; i++ {
+		d.SetPixel(64, i, color.RGBA{R: 1})
+	}
+}
+
+func drawHellowWorld(d drivers.Displayer) {
+	tinyfont.WriteLine(d, &freemono.Regular9pt7b, 0, 32, "Hello World!", color.RGBA{R: 0xff, G: 0xff, B: 0xff, A: 0xff})
+}
+
+func assertEqualImages(t testing.TB, actual, expected image.Image) {
+
+	if actual.Bounds().Dx() != expected.Bounds().Dx() || actual.Bounds().Dy() != expected.Bounds().Dy() {
+		f := writeImage(actual)
+		t.Fatalf("differing size: was %v, expected %v, saved actual to %s", actual.Bounds(), expected.Bounds(), f)
+	}
+
+	bb := expected.Bounds()
+	for x := bb.Min.X; x < bb.Max.X; x++ {
+		for y := bb.Min.Y; y < bb.Max.Y; y++ {
+			actualBB := actual.Bounds()
+			if actual.At(x+actualBB.Min.X, y+actualBB.Min.Y) != expected.At(x, y) {
+				f := writeImage(actual)
+				t.Fatalf("different pixel at %d/%d: %v != %v, saved actual at %s", x, y, actual.At(x, y), expected.At(x, y), f)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func writeImage(img image.Image) string {
+
+	fn := fmt.Sprintf("%d.png", time.Now().Unix())
+	f, err := os.OpenFile(fn, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE, 0644)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	err = png.Encode(f, img)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return fn
+}

apds9960/apds9960.go

@@ -8,16 +8,15 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"tinygo.org/x/drivers"
+	"tinygo.org/x/drivers/internal/legacy"
 )
 
 // Device wraps an I2C connection to a APDS-9960 device.
 type Device struct {
 	bus     drivers.I2C
-	_txerr  error
-	gesture gestureData
-	buf     [8]byte
 	Address uint8
 	mode    uint8
+	gesture gestureData
 }
 
 // Configuration for APDS-9960 device.
@@ -47,24 +46,15 @@ type gestureData struct {
 	received    bool
 }
 
-// for enabling various device functions.
+// for enabling various device function
-type encfg uint8
+type enableConfig struct {
-
+	GEN  bool
-// data := []byte{gen<<6 | pien<<5 | aien<<4 | wen<<3 | pen<<2 | aen<<1 | pon}
+	PIEN bool
-const (
+	AIEN bool
-	enPON encfg = 1 << iota
+	WEN  bool
-	enAEN
+	PEN  bool
-	enPEN
+	AEN  bool
-	enWEN
+	PON  bool
-	enAIEN
-	enPIEN
-	enGEN
-)
-
-func (e encfg) write7bits(b []byte) {
-	for i := uint8(0); i < 7; i++ {
-		b[i] = byte(e>>(6-i)) & 1
-	}
 }
 
 // New creates a new APDS-9960 connection. The I2C bus must already be
@@ -78,8 +68,9 @@ func New(bus drivers.I2C) Device {
 // Connected returns whether APDS-9960 has been found.
 // It does a "who am I" request and checks the response.
 func (d *Device) Connected() bool {
-	d.txNew()
+	data := []byte{0}
-	return d.txRead8(APDS9960_ID_REG) == 0xAB && d.txErr() == nil
+	legacy.ReadRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_ID_REG, data)
+	return data[0] == 0xAB
 }
 
 // GetMode returns current engine mode
@@ -88,82 +79,65 @@ func (d *Device) GetMode() uint8 {
 }
 
 // DisableAll turns off the device and all functions
-func (d *Device) DisableAll() error {
+func (d *Device) DisableAll() {
-	err := d.enable(0)
+	d.enable(enableConfig{})
-	if err != nil {
+	legacy.WriteRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_GCONF4_REG, []byte{0x00})
-		return err
+	d.mode = MODE_NONE
-	}
+	d.gesture.detected = GESTURE_NONE
-	d.txWrite8(APDS9960_GCONF4_REG, 0)
-	err = d.txErr()
-	if err == nil {
-		d.mode = MODE_NONE
-		d.gesture.detected = GESTURE_NONE
-	}
-	return err
 }
 
-// SetProximityPulse sets proximity pulse length (4, 8, 16, 32) and count (1..64)
+// SetProximityPulse sets proximity pulse length (4, 8, 16, 32) and count (1~64)
 // default: 16, 64
-func (d *Device) SetProximityPulse(length, count uint8) error {
+func (d *Device) SetProximityPulse(length, count uint8) {
-	d.txNew()
+	legacy.WriteRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_PPULSE_REG, []byte{getPulseLength(length)<<6 | getPulseCount(count)})
-	d.txWrite8(APDS9960_PPULSE_REG, getPulseLength(length)<<6|getPulseCount(count))
-	return d.txErr()
 }
 
-// SetGesturePulse sets gesture pulse length (4, 8, 16, 32) and count (1..64)
+// SetGesturePulse sets gesture pulse length (4, 8, 16, 32) and count (1~64)
 // default: 16, 64
-func (d *Device) SetGesturePulse(length, count uint8) error {
+func (d *Device) SetGesturePulse(length, count uint8) {
-	d.txNew()
+	legacy.WriteRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_GPULSE_REG, []byte{getPulseLength(length)<<6 | getPulseCount(count)})
-	d.txWrite8(APDS9960_GPULSE_REG, getPulseLength(length)<<6|getPulseCount(count))
-	return d.txErr()
 }
 
-// SetADCIntegrationCycles sets ALS/color ADC internal integration cycles (1..256, 1 cycle = 2.78 ms)
+// SetADCIntegrationCycles sets ALS/color ADC internal integration cycles (1~256, 1 cycle = 2.78 ms)
-// default: 4 (approx. 10 ms)
+// default: 4 (~10 ms)
-func (d *Device) SetADCIntegrationCycles(cycles uint16) error {
+func (d *Device) SetADCIntegrationCycles(cycles uint16) {
 	if cycles > 256 {
 		cycles = 256
 	}
-	d.txNew()
+	legacy.WriteRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_ATIME_REG, []byte{uint8(256 - cycles)})
-	d.txWrite8(APDS9960_ATIME_REG, uint8(256-cycles))
-	return d.txErr()
 }
 
 // SetGains sets proximity/gesture gain (1, 2, 4, 8x) and ALS/color gain (1, 4, 16, 64x)
 // default: 1, 1, 4
-func (d *Device) SetGains(proximityGain, gestureGain, colorGain uint8) error {
+func (d *Device) SetGains(proximityGain, gestureGain, colorGain uint8) {
-	d.txNew()
+	legacy.WriteRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_CONTROL_REG, []byte{getProximityGain(proximityGain)<<2 | getALSGain(colorGain)})
-	d.txWrite8(APDS9960_CONTROL_REG, getProximityGain(proximityGain)<<2|getALSGain(colorGain))
+	legacy.WriteRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_GCONF2_REG, []byte{getProximityGain(gestureGain) << 5})
-	d.txWrite8(APDS9960_GCONF2_REG, getProximityGain(gestureGain)<<5)
-	return d.txErr()
 }
 
 // LEDBoost sets proximity and gesture LED current level (100, 150, 200, 300 (%))
 // default: 100
-func (d *Device) LEDBoost(percent uint16) error {
+func (d *Device) LEDBoost(percent uint16) {
 	var v uint8
-	switch {
+	switch percent {
-	case percent < 125:
+	case 100:
 		v = 0
-	case percent < 175:
+	case 150:
 		v = 1
-	case percent < 250:
+	case 200:
 		v = 2
-	default:
+	case 300:
-		v = 3 // Maximum case.
+		v = 3
 	}
-	d.txNew()
+	legacy.WriteRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_CONFIG2_REG, []byte{0x01 | v<<4})
-	d.txWrite8(APDS9960_CONFIG2_REG, 0x01|(v<<4))
-	return d.txErr()
 }
 
-// Setthreshold sets threshold (0..255) for detecting gestures
+// Setthreshold sets threshold (0~255) for detecting gestures
 // default: 30
 func (d *Device) Setthreshold(t uint8) {
 	d.gesture.threshold = t
 }
 
-// Setsensitivity sets sensivity (0..100) for detecting gestures
+// Setsensitivity sets sensivity (0~100) for detecting gestures
 // default: 20
 func (d *Device) Setsensitivity(s uint8) {
 	if s > 100 {
@@ -173,69 +147,47 @@ func (d *Device) Setsensitivity(s uint8) {
 }
 
 // EnableProximity starts the proximity engine
-func (d *Device) EnableProximity() error {
+func (d *Device) EnableProximity() {
 	if d.mode != MODE_NONE {
-		err := d.DisableAll()
+		d.DisableAll()
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
 	}
-	err := d.enable(enPON | enPEN | enWEN)
+	d.enable(enableConfig{PON: true, PEN: true, WEN: true})
-	if err == nil {
+	d.mode = MODE_PROXIMITY
-		d.mode = MODE_PROXIMITY
-	}
-	return err
-}
-
-// Err returns the current error state of the device if encountered during I2C communication.
-// After a call to Err the error is cleared.
-func (d *Device) Err() error {
-	err := d.txErr()
-	d.txNew()
-	return err
 }
 
 // ProximityAvailable reports if proximity data is available
 func (d *Device) ProximityAvailable() bool {
-	if d.mode != MODE_PROXIMITY {
+	if d.mode == MODE_PROXIMITY && d.readStatus("PVALID") {
-		return false
+		return true
 	}
-	status, err := d.ReadStatus()
+	return false
-	return err == nil && status.PVALID()
 }
 
-// ReadProximity reads proximity data (0..255)
+// ReadProximity reads proximity data (0~255)
 func (d *Device) ReadProximity() (proximity int32) {
 	if d.mode != MODE_PROXIMITY {
 		return 0
 	}
-	d.txNew()
+	data := []byte{0}
-	val := d.txRead8(APDS9960_PDATA_REG)
+	legacy.ReadRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_PDATA_REG, data)
-	return 255 - int32(val)
+	return 255 - int32(data[0])
 }
 
 // EnableColor starts the color engine
-func (d *Device) EnableColor() (err error) {
+func (d *Device) EnableColor() {
 	if d.mode != MODE_NONE {
-		err = d.DisableAll()
+		d.DisableAll()
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
 	}
-	err = d.enable(enPON | enAEN | enWEN)
+	d.enable(enableConfig{PON: true, AEN: true, WEN: true})
-	if err == nil {
+	d.mode = MODE_COLOR
-		d.mode = MODE_COLOR
-	}
-	return err
 }
 
 // ColorAvailable reports if color data is available
 func (d *Device) ColorAvailable() bool {
-	if d.mode != MODE_COLOR {
+	if d.mode == MODE_COLOR && d.readStatus("AVALID") {
-		return false
+		return true
 	}
-	status, err := d.ReadStatus()
+	return false
-	return err == nil && status.AVALID()
 }
 
 // ReadColor reads color data (red, green, blue, clear color/brightness)
@@ -243,36 +195,28 @@ func (d *Device) ReadColor() (r int32, g int32, b int32, clear int32) {
 	if d.mode != MODE_COLOR {
 		return
 	}
-	d.txNew()
+	data := []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
-	data := d.buf[:8]
+	legacy.ReadRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_CDATAL_REG, data[:1])
-	const numLowRegs = APDS9960_GDATAH_REG - APDS9960_CDATAL_REG + 1
+	legacy.ReadRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_CDATAH_REG, data[1:2])
-	for i := uint8(0); i < numLowRegs; i++ {
+	legacy.ReadRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_RDATAL_REG, data[2:3])
-		data[i] = d.txRead8(i + APDS9960_CDATAL_REG)
+	legacy.ReadRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_RDATAH_REG, data[3:4])
-	}
+	legacy.ReadRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_GDATAL_REG, data[4:5])
-	data[numLowRegs] = d.txRead8(APDS9960_BDATAL_REG)
+	legacy.ReadRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_GDATAH_REG, data[5:6])
-	data[numLowRegs+1] = d.txRead8(APDS9960_BDATAH_REG)
+	legacy.ReadRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_BDATAL_REG, data[6:7])
-	if d.txErr() != nil {
+	legacy.ReadRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_BDATAH_REG, data[7:])
-		return
-	}
 	clear = int32(uint16(data[1])<<8 | uint16(data[0]))
 	r = int32(uint16(data[3])<<8 | uint16(data[2]))
 	g = int32(uint16(data[5])<<8 | uint16(data[4]))
 	b = int32(uint16(data[7])<<8 | uint16(data[6]))
-	return r, g, b, clear
+	return
 }
 
 // EnableGesture starts the gesture engine
-func (d *Device) EnableGesture() error {
+func (d *Device) EnableGesture() {
 	if d.mode != MODE_NONE {
-		err := d.DisableAll()
+		d.DisableAll()
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	err := d.enable(enPON | enPEN | enGEN | enWEN)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
 	}
+	d.enable(enableConfig{PON: true, PEN: true, GEN: true, WEN: true})
 	d.mode = MODE_GESTURE
 	d.gesture.detected = GESTURE_NONE
 	d.gesture.gXDelta = 0
@@ -280,7 +224,6 @@ func (d *Device) EnableGesture() error {
 	d.gesture.gXPrevDelta = 0
 	d.gesture.gYPrevDelta = 0
 	d.gesture.received = false
-	return nil
 }
 
 // GestureAvailable reports if gesture data is available
@@ -288,26 +231,29 @@ func (d *Device) GestureAvailable() bool {
 	if d.mode != MODE_GESTURE {
 		return false
 	}
-	d.txNew()
+
-	gstatus := d.txRead8(APDS9960_GSTATUS_REG)
+	data := []byte{0, 0, 0, 0}
-	if gstatus&1 == 0 {
+
+	// check GVALID
+	legacy.ReadRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_GSTATUS_REG, data[:1])
+	if data[0]&0x01 == 0 {
 		return false
 	}
-	availableDataSets := d.txRead8(APDS9960_GFLVL_REG)
+
+	// get number of data sets available in FIFO
+	legacy.ReadRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_GFLVL_REG, data[:1])
+	availableDataSets := data[0]
 	if availableDataSets == 0 {
 		return false
 	}
-	data := d.buf[:]
+
 	// read up, down, left and right proximity data from FIFO
 	var dataSets [32][4]uint8
-	const numAddrs = APDS9960_GFIFO_R_REG - APDS9960_GFIFO_U_REG + 1
 	for i := uint8(0); i < availableDataSets; i++ {
-		for j := uint8(0); j < numAddrs; j++ {
+		legacy.ReadRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_GFIFO_U_REG, data[:1])
-			data[j] = d.txRead8(j + APDS9960_GFIFO_U_REG)
+		legacy.ReadRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_GFIFO_D_REG, data[1:2])
-		}
+		legacy.ReadRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_GFIFO_L_REG, data[2:3])
-		if d.txErr() != nil {
+		legacy.ReadRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_GFIFO_R_REG, data[3:4])
-			return false
-		}
 		for j := uint8(0); j < 4; j++ {
 			dataSets[i][j] = data[j]
 		}
@@ -369,11 +315,9 @@ func (d *Device) ReadGesture() (gesture int32) {
 
 // private functions
 
-func (d *Device) configureDevice(cfg Configuration) error {
+func (d *Device) configureDevice(cfg Configuration) {
-	err := d.DisableAll() // turn off everything
+	d.DisableAll() // turn off everything
-	if err != nil {
+
-		return err
-	}
 	// "default" settings
 	if cfg.ProximityPulseLength == 0 {
 		cfg.ProximityPulseLength = 16
@@ -406,92 +350,69 @@ func (d *Device) configureDevice(cfg Configuration) error {
 		d.gesture.sensitivity = 20
 	}
 
-	err = d.SetProximityPulse(cfg.ProximityPulseLength, cfg.ProximityPulseCount)
+	d.SetProximityPulse(cfg.ProximityPulseLength, cfg.ProximityPulseCount)
-	if err != nil {
+	d.SetGesturePulse(cfg.GesturePulseLength, cfg.GesturePulseCount)
-		return err
+	d.SetGains(cfg.ProximityGain, cfg.GestureGain, cfg.ColorGain)
+	d.SetADCIntegrationCycles(cfg.ADCIntegrationCycles)
+
+	if cfg.LEDBoost > 0 {
+		d.LEDBoost(cfg.LEDBoost)
 	}
-	err = d.SetGesturePulse(cfg.GesturePulseLength, cfg.GesturePulseCount)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	err = d.SetGains(cfg.ProximityGain, cfg.GestureGain, cfg.ColorGain)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	err = d.SetADCIntegrationCycles(cfg.ADCIntegrationCycles)
-	if err == nil && cfg.LEDBoost > 0 {
-		err = d.LEDBoost(cfg.LEDBoost)
-	}
-	return err
 }
 
-func (d *Device) enable(cfg encfg) error {
+func (d *Device) enable(cfg enableConfig) {
-	d.txNew()
+	var gen, pien, aien, wen, pen, aen, pon uint8
-	cfg.write7bits(d.buf[:7])
+
-	d.txWrite(APDS9960_ENABLE_REG, d.buf[:7])
+	if cfg.GEN {
-	err := d.txErr()
+		gen = 1
-	if err == nil && cfg&enPON != 0 {
+	}
+	if cfg.PIEN {
+		pien = 1
+	}
+	if cfg.AIEN {
+		aien = 1
+	}
+	if cfg.WEN {
+		wen = 1
+	}
+	if cfg.PEN {
+		pen = 1
+	}
+	if cfg.AEN {
+		aen = 1
+	}
+	if cfg.PON {
+		pon = 1
+	}
+
+	data := []byte{gen<<6 | pien<<5 | aien<<4 | wen<<3 | pen<<2 | aen<<1 | pon}
+	legacy.WriteRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_ENABLE_REG, data)
+
+	if cfg.PON {
 		time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 10)
 	}
-	return err
 }
 
-func (d *Device) txErr() error { return d._txerr }
+func (d *Device) readStatus(param string) bool {
+	data := []byte{0}
+	legacy.ReadRegister(d.bus, d.Address, APDS9960_STATUS_REG, data)
 
-func (d *Device) txNew() { d._txerr = nil }
+	switch param {
-
+	case "CPSAT":
-func (d *Device) txRead8(addr uint8) uint8 {
+		return data[0]>>7&0x01 == 1
-	if d._txerr != nil {
+	case "PGSAT":
-		return 0
+		return data[0]>>6&0x01 == 1
+	case "PINT":
+		return data[0]>>5&0x01 == 1
+	case "AINT":
+		return data[0]>>4&0x01 == 1
+	case "PVALID":
+		return data[0]>>1&0x01 == 1
+	case "AVALID":
+		return data[0]&0x01 == 1
+	default:
+		return false
 	}
-	d.buf[0] = addr
-	d._txerr = d.bus.Tx(uint16(d.Address), d.buf[:1], d.buf[1:2])
-	return d.buf[1]
-}
-
-func (d *Device) txWrite8(addr uint8, val uint8) {
-	if d._txerr != nil {
-		return
-	}
-	d.buf[0] = addr
-	d.buf[1] = val
-	d._txerr = d.bus.Tx(uint16(d.Address), d.buf[:2], nil)
-}
-
-func (d *Device) txWrite(addr uint8, data []byte) {
-	if d._txerr != nil {
-		return
-	} else if len(data) > len(d.buf)-1 {
-		panic("txWrite: data too long")
-	}
-	d.buf[0] = addr
-	copy(d.buf[1:], data)
-	d._txerr = d.bus.Tx(uint16(d.Address), d.buf[:len(data)+1], nil)
-}
-
-type status uint8
-
-const (
-	statusAVALID status = 1 << iota
-	statusPVALID
-	_
-	_
-	statusAINT
-	statusPINT
-	statusPGSAT
-	statusCPSAT
-)
-
-func (s status) CPSAT() bool  { return s&statusCPSAT != 0 }
-func (s status) PGSAT() bool  { return s&statusPGSAT != 0 }
-func (s status) PINT() bool   { return s&statusPINT != 0 }
-func (s status) AINT() bool   { return s&statusAINT != 0 }
-func (s status) PVALID() bool { return s&statusPVALID != 0 }
-func (s status) AVALID() bool { return s&statusAVALID != 0 }
-
-func (d *Device) ReadStatus() (status, error) {
-	d.txNew()
-	return status(d.txRead8(APDS9960_STATUS_REG)), d.txErr()
 }
 
 func getPulseLength(l uint8) uint8 {

at24cx/at24cx.go

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"tinygo.org/x/drivers"
 )
 
-// Device wraps an I2C connection to a DS3231 device.
+// Device wraps an I2C connection to an AT24CX device.
 type Device struct {
 	bus               drivers.I2C
 	Address           uint16

delay/sleep.go

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func Sleep(duration time.Duration) {
 	//   * The CPU frequency is lower than 256MHz. If it is higher, long sleep
 	//     times (1-16ms) may not work correctly.
 	cycles := uint32(duration) * (machine.CPUFrequency() / 1000_000) / 1000
-	slept := C.tinygo_drivers_sleep(cycles)
+	slept := C.tinygo_drivers_sleep(C.uint32_t(cycles))
 	if !slept {
 		// Fallback for platforms without inline assembly support.
 		time.Sleep(duration)

examples/adafruit4650/main.go

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"image/color"
+	"machine"
+	"tinygo.org/x/drivers"
+	"tinygo.org/x/drivers/adafruit4650"
+	"tinygo.org/x/tinyfont"
+	"tinygo.org/x/tinyfont/freemono"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	machine.I2C0.Configure(machine.I2CConfig{})
+
+	dev := adafruit4650.New(machine.I2C0)
+
+	err := dev.Configure()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	drawPlus(&dev)
+	drawHelloWorld(&dev)
+
+	err = dev.Display()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func drawPlus(d drivers.Displayer) {
+	for i := int16(0); i < 128; i++ {
+		d.SetPixel(i, 32, color.RGBA{R: 1})
+	}
+	for i := int16(0); i < 64; i++ {
+		d.SetPixel(64, i, color.RGBA{R: 1})
+	}
+}
+
+func drawHelloWorld(d drivers.Displayer) {
+	tinyfont.WriteLine(d, &freemono.Regular9pt7b, 0, 32, "Hello World!", color.RGBA{R: 0xff, G: 0xff, B: 0xff, A: 0xff})
+}

examples/apds9960/proximity/main.go

@@ -8,42 +8,33 @@ import (
 )
 
 func main() {
-	// Sleep to catch any errors through the serial monitor.
-	time.Sleep(1000 * time.Millisecond)
-	bus := machine.I2C0
-	// use Nano 33 BLE Sense's internal I2C bus
-	err := bus.Configure(machine.I2CConfig{
-		SCL:       machine.GP1,
-		SDA:       machine.GP0,
-		Frequency: 400 * machine.KHz,
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err.Error())
-	}
 
-	sensor := apds9960.New(bus)
+	// use Nano 33 BLE Sense's internal I2C bus
+	machine.I2C1.Configure(machine.I2CConfig{
+		SCL:       machine.SCL1_PIN,
+		SDA:       machine.SDA1_PIN,
+		Frequency: machine.TWI_FREQ_400KHZ,
+	})
+
+	sensor := apds9960.New(machine.I2C1)
 
 	// use default settings
 	sensor.Configure(apds9960.Configuration{})
 
 	if !sensor.Connected() {
 		println("APDS-9960 not connected!")
-		println("err:", sensor.Err())
 		return
 	}
-	println("APDS connected!")
+
-	err = sensor.EnableProximity() // enable proximity engine
+	sensor.EnableProximity() // enable proximity engine
-	if err != nil {
+
-		panic(err.Error())
-	}
 	for {
+
 		if sensor.ProximityAvailable() {
 			p := sensor.ReadProximity()
 			println("Proximity:", p)
 		}
-		if err := sensor.Err(); err != nil {
-			println(err.Error())
-		}
 		time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 100)
 	}
+
 }

examples/ds3231/main.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Connects to an MAG3110 I2C magnetometer.
+// Connects to an DS3231 I2C Real Time Clock (RTC).
 package main
 
 import (

examples/ili9341/pyportal_boing/main.go

@@ -8,15 +8,16 @@ import (
 	"tinygo.org/x/drivers/examples/ili9341/initdisplay"
 	"tinygo.org/x/drivers/examples/ili9341/pyportal_boing/graphics"
 	"tinygo.org/x/drivers/ili9341"
+	"tinygo.org/x/drivers/pixel"
 )
 
 const (
-	BGCOLOR    = 0xAD75
+	BGCOLOR    = pixel.RGB565BE(0x75AD)
-	GRIDCOLOR  = 0xA815
+	GRIDCOLOR  = pixel.RGB565BE(0x15A8)
-	BGSHADOW   = 0x5285
+	BGSHADOW   = pixel.RGB565BE(0x8552)
-	GRIDSHADOW = 0x600C
+	GRIDSHADOW = pixel.RGB565BE(0x0C60)
-	RED        = 0xF800
+	RED        = pixel.RGB565BE(0x00F8)
-	WHITE      = 0xFFFF
+	WHITE      = pixel.RGB565BE(0xFFFF)
 
 	YBOTTOM = 123  // Ball Y coord at bottom
 	YBOUNCE = -3.5 // Upward velocity on ball bounce
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ const (
 )
 
 var (
-	frameBuffer = [(graphics.BALLHEIGHT + 8) * (graphics.BALLWIDTH + 8) * 2]uint8{}
+	frameBuffer = pixel.NewImage[pixel.RGB565BE](graphics.BALLWIDTH+8, graphics.BALLHEIGHT+8)
 
 	startTime int64
 	frame     int64
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ var (
 	balloldy  float32
 
 	// Color table for ball rotation effect
-	palette [16]uint16
+	palette [16]pixel.RGB565BE
 )
 
 var (
@@ -108,6 +109,7 @@ func main() {
 
 		width = maxx - minx + 1
 		height = maxy - miny + 1
+		buffer := frameBuffer.Rescale(int(width), int(height))
 
 		// Ball animation frame # is incremented opposite the ball's X velocity
 		ballframe -= ballvx * 0.5
@@ -128,7 +130,7 @@ func main() {
 		}
 
 		// Only the changed rectangle is drawn into the 'renderbuf' array...
-		var c uint16              //, *destPtr;
+		var c pixel.RGB565BE      //, *destPtr;
 		bx := minx - int16(ballx) // X relative to ball bitmap (can be negative)
 		by := miny - int16(bally) // Y relative to ball bitmap (can be negative)
 		bgx := minx               // X relative to background bitmap (>= 0)
@@ -149,19 +151,20 @@ func main() {
 					(by >= 0) && (by < graphics.BALLHEIGHT) { // inside the ball bitmap area?
 					// Yes, do ball compositing math...
 					p = graphics.Ball[int(by*(graphics.BALLWIDTH/2))+int(bx1/2)] // Get packed value (2 pixels)
+					var nibble uint8
 					if (bx1 & 1) != 0 {
-						c = uint16(p & 0xF)
+						nibble = p & 0xF
 					} else {
-						c = uint16(p >> 4)
+						nibble = p >> 4
 					} // Unpack high or low nybble
-					if c == 0 { // Outside ball - just draw grid
+					if nibble == 0 { // Outside ball - just draw grid
 						if graphics.Background[bgidx]&(0x80>>(bgx1&7)) != 0 {
 							c = GRIDCOLOR
 						} else {
 							c = BGCOLOR
 						}
-					} else if c > 1 { // In ball area...
+					} else if nibble > 1 { // In ball area...
-						c = palette[c]
+						c = palette[nibble]
 					} else { // In shadow area...
 						if graphics.Background[bgidx]&(0x80>>(bgx1&7)) != 0 {
 							c = GRIDSHADOW
@@ -176,8 +179,7 @@ func main() {
 						c = BGCOLOR
 					}
 				}
-				frameBuffer[(y*int(width)+x)*2] = byte(c >> 8)
+				buffer.Set(x, y, c)
-				frameBuffer[(y*int(width)+x)*2+1] = byte(c)
 				bx1++ // Increment bitmap position counters (X axis)
 				bgx1++
 			}
@@ -188,7 +190,7 @@ func main() {
 			bgy++
 		}
 
-		display.DrawRGBBitmap8(minx, miny, frameBuffer[:width*height*2], width, height)
+		display.DrawBitmap(minx, miny, buffer)
 
 		// Show approximate frame rate
 		frame++
@@ -205,6 +207,7 @@ func DrawBackground() {
 	w, h := display.Size()
 	byteWidth := (w + 7) / 8 // Bitmap scanline pad = whole byte
 	var b uint8
+	buffer := frameBuffer.Rescale(int(w), 1)
 	for j := int16(0); j < h; j++ {
 		for k := int16(0); k < w; k++ {
 			if k&7 > 0 {
@@ -213,13 +216,11 @@ func DrawBackground() {
 				b = graphics.Background[j*byteWidth+k/8]
 			}
 			if b&0x80 == 0 {
-				frameBuffer[2*k] = byte(BGCOLOR >> 8)
+				buffer.Set(int(k), 0, BGCOLOR)
-				frameBuffer[2*k+1] = byte(BGCOLOR & 0xFF)
 			} else {
-				frameBuffer[2*k] = byte(GRIDCOLOR >> 8)
+				buffer.Set(int(k), 0, GRIDCOLOR)
-				frameBuffer[2*k+1] = byte(GRIDCOLOR & 0xFF)
 			}
 		}
-		display.DrawRGBBitmap8(0, j, frameBuffer[0:w*2], w, 1)
+		display.DrawBitmap(0, j, buffer)
 	}
 }

examples/lora/lorawan/atcmd/README.md

@@ -23,20 +23,20 @@ Builds/flashes atcmd console application with simulator instead of actual LoRa r
 tinygo flash -target pico ./examples/lora/lorawan/atcmd/
 ```
 
-## PyBadge with LoRa Featherwing 
+## PyBadge with LoRa Featherwing for EU868 region
 
 Builds/flashes atcmd console application on PyBadge using LoRa Featherwing (RFM95/SX1276).
 
 ```
-tinygo flash -target pybadge -tags featherwing ./examples/lora/lorawan/atcmd/
+tinygo flash -target pybadge -tags featherwing -ldflags="-X main.reg=EU868" ./examples/lora/lorawan/atcmd/
 ```
 
-## LoRa-E5 
+## LoRa-E5 for US915 region
 
 Builds/flashes atcmd console application on Lora-E5 using onboard SX126x.
 
 ```
-tinygo flash -target lorae5 ./examples/lora/lorawan/atcmd/
+tinygo flash -target lorae5 -ldflags="-X main.reg=US915" ./examples/lora/lorawan/atcmd/
 ```
 
 ## Joining a Public Lorawan Network

examples/lora/lorawan/atcmd/main.go

@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ var (
 	defaultTimeout uint32 = 1000
 )
 
+var reg string
+
 func main() {
 	uart.Configure(machine.UARTConfig{TX: tx, RX: rx})
 
@@ -45,7 +47,16 @@ func main() {
 	otaa = &lorawan.Otaa{}
 	lorawan.UseRadio(radio)
 
-	lorawan.UseRegionSettings(region.EU868())
+	switch reg {
+	case "AU915":
+		lorawan.UseRegionSettings(region.AU915())
+	case "EU868":
+		lorawan.UseRegionSettings(region.EU868())
+	case "US915":
+		lorawan.UseRegionSettings(region.US915())
+	default:
+		lorawan.UseRegionSettings(region.EU868())
+	}
 
 	for {
 		if uart.Buffered() > 0 {

examples/lora/lorawan/basic-demo/README.md

@@ -21,16 +21,16 @@ loraConnect: Connected !
 tinygo flash -target pico ./examples/lora/lorawan/basic-demo
 ```
 
-## PyBadge with LoRa Featherwing 
+## PyBadge with LoRa Featherwing for EU868 region
 
 ```
-tinygo flash -target pybadge -tags featherwing ./examples/lora/lorawan/basic-demo
+tinygo flash -target pybadge -tags featherwing -ldflags="-X main.reg=EU868" ./examples/lora/lorawan/basic-demo
 ```
 
-## LoRa-E5 
+## LoRa-E5 for US915 region
 
 ```
-tinygo flash -target lorae5 ./examples/lora/lorawan/basic-demo
+tinygo flash -target lorae5 -ldflags="-X main.reg=US915" ./examples/lora/lorawan/basic-demo
 ```
 
 

examples/lora/lorawan/basic-demo/main.go

@@ -12,7 +12,10 @@ import (
 	"tinygo.org/x/drivers/lora/lorawan/region"
 )
 
-var debug string
+var (
+	reg   string
+	debug string
+)
 
 const (
 	LORAWAN_JOIN_TIMEOUT_SEC    = 180
@@ -67,8 +70,16 @@ func main() {
 
 	// Connect the lorawan with the Lora Radio device.
 	lorawan.UseRadio(radio)
-
+	switch reg {
-	lorawan.UseRegionSettings(region.EU868())
+	case "AU915":
+		lorawan.UseRegionSettings(region.AU915())
+	case "EU868":
+		lorawan.UseRegionSettings(region.EU868())
+	case "US915":
+		lorawan.UseRegionSettings(region.US915())
+	default:
+		lorawan.UseRegionSettings(region.EU868())
+	}
 
 	// Configure AppEUI, DevEUI, APPKey, and public/private Lorawan Network
 	setLorawanKeys()

examples/lora/lorawan/common/sim.go

@@ -23,13 +23,18 @@ func (sr *SimLoraRadio) Rx(timeoutMs uint32) ([]uint8, error) {
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func (sr *SimLoraRadio) SetFrequency(freq uint32)    {}
+func (sr *SimLoraRadio) SetFrequency(freq uint32)       {}
-func (sr *SimLoraRadio) SetIqMode(mode uint8)        {}
+func (sr *SimLoraRadio) SetIqMode(mode uint8)           {}
-func (sr *SimLoraRadio) SetCodingRate(cr uint8)      {}
+func (sr *SimLoraRadio) SetCodingRate(cr uint8)         {}
-func (sr *SimLoraRadio) SetBandwidth(bw uint8)       {}
+func (sr *SimLoraRadio) SetBandwidth(bw uint8)          {}
-func (sr *SimLoraRadio) SetCrc(enable bool)          {}
+func (sr *SimLoraRadio) SetCrc(enable bool)             {}
-func (sr *SimLoraRadio) SetSpreadingFactor(sf uint8) {}
+func (sr *SimLoraRadio) SetSpreadingFactor(sf uint8)    {}
-func (sr *SimLoraRadio) LoraConfig(cnf lora.Config)  {}
+func (sr *SimLoraRadio) SetHeaderType(headerType uint8) {}
+func (sr *SimLoraRadio) SetPreambleLength(pLen uint16)  {}
+func (sr *SimLoraRadio) SetPublicNetwork(enabled bool)  {}
+func (sr *SimLoraRadio) SetSyncWord(syncWord uint16)    {}
+func (sr *SimLoraRadio) SetTxPower(txPower int8)        {}
+func (sr *SimLoraRadio) LoraConfig(cnf lora.Config)     {}
 
 func FirmwareVersion() string {
 	return "simulator " + CurrentVersion()

gbadisplay/gbadisplay.go

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// Package gbadisplay implements a simple driver for the GameBoy Advance
+// display.
+package gbadisplay
+
+import (
+	"device/gba"
+	"errors"
+	"image/color"
+	"runtime/volatile"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"tinygo.org/x/drivers/pixel"
+)
+
+// Image buffer type used by the GameBoy Advance.
+type Image = pixel.Image[pixel.RGB555]
+
+const (
+	displayWidth  = 240
+	displayHeight = 160
+)
+
+var (
+	errOutOfBounds = errors.New("rectangle coordinates outside display area")
+)
+
+type Device struct{}
+
+// New returns a new GameBoy Advance display object.
+func New() Device {
+	return Device{}
+}
+
+var displayFrameBuffer = (*[160 * 240]volatile.Register16)(unsafe.Pointer(uintptr(gba.MEM_VRAM)))
+
+type Config struct {
+	// TODO: add more display modes here.
+}
+
+// Configure the display as a regular 15bpp framebuffer.
+func (d Device) Configure(config Config) {
+	// Use video mode 3 (in BG2, a 16bpp bitmap in VRAM) and Enable BG2.
+	gba.DISP.DISPCNT.Set(gba.DISPCNT_BGMODE_3<<gba.DISPCNT_BGMODE_Pos |
+		gba.DISPCNT_SCREENDISPLAY_BG2_ENABLE<<gba.DISPCNT_SCREENDISPLAY_BG2_Pos)
+}
+
+// Size returns the fixed size of this display.
+func (d Device) Size() (x, y int16) {
+	return displayWidth, displayHeight
+}
+
+// Display is a no-op: the display framebuffer is modified directly.
+func (d Device) Display() error {
+	// Nothing to do here.
+	return nil
+}
+
+// SetPixel changes the pixel at (x, y) to the given color.
+func (d Device) SetPixel(x, y int16, c color.RGBA) {
+	if x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= displayWidth || y > displayHeight {
+		// Out of bounds, so ignore.
+		return
+	}
+	val := pixel.NewColor[pixel.RGB555](c.R, c.G, c.B)
+	displayFrameBuffer[(int(y))*240+int(x)].Set(uint16(val))
+}
+
+// DrawBitmap updates the rectangle at (x, y) to the image stored in buf.
+func (d Device) DrawBitmap(x, y int16, buf Image) error {
+	width, height := buf.Size()
+	if x < 0 || y < 0 || int(x)+width > displayWidth || int(y)+height > displayHeight {
+		return errOutOfBounds
+	}
+
+	// TODO: try to do a 4-byte memcpy if possible. That should significantly
+	// speed up the copying of this image.
+	for bufY := 0; bufY < int(height); bufY++ {
+		for bufX := 0; bufX < int(width); bufX++ {
+			val := buf.Get(bufX, bufY)
+			displayFrameBuffer[(int(y)+bufY)*240+int(x)+bufX].Set(uint16(val))
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

ili9341/ili9341.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"tinygo.org/x/drivers"
+	"tinygo.org/x/drivers/pixel"
 )
 
 type Config struct {
@@ -31,6 +32,9 @@ type Device struct {
 	rd  machine.Pin
 }
 
+// Image buffer type used in the ili9341.
+type Image = pixel.Image[pixel.RGB565BE]
+
 var cmdBuf [6]byte
 
 var initCmd = []byte{
@@ -173,6 +177,8 @@ func (d *Device) EnableTEOutput(on bool) {
 }
 
 // DrawRGBBitmap copies an RGB bitmap to the internal buffer at given coordinates
+//
+// Deprecated: use DrawBitmap instead.
 func (d *Device) DrawRGBBitmap(x, y int16, data []uint16, w, h int16) error {
 	k, i := d.Size()
 	if x < 0 || y < 0 || w <= 0 || h <= 0 ||
@@ -187,6 +193,8 @@ func (d *Device) DrawRGBBitmap(x, y int16, data []uint16, w, h int16) error {
 }
 
 // DrawRGBBitmap8 copies an RGB bitmap to the internal buffer at given coordinates
+//
+// Deprecated: use DrawBitmap instead.
 func (d *Device) DrawRGBBitmap8(x, y int16, data []uint8, w, h int16) error {
 	k, i := d.Size()
 	if x < 0 || y < 0 || w <= 0 || h <= 0 ||
@@ -200,6 +208,13 @@ func (d *Device) DrawRGBBitmap8(x, y int16, data []uint8, w, h int16) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// DrawBitmap copies the bitmap to the internal buffer on the screen at the
+// given coordinates. It returns once the image data has been sent completely.
+func (d *Device) DrawBitmap(x, y int16, bitmap Image) error {
+	width, height := bitmap.Size()
+	return d.DrawRGBBitmap8(x, y, bitmap.RawBuffer(), int16(width), int16(height))
+}
+
 // FillRectangle fills a rectangle at given coordinates with a color
 func (d *Device) FillRectangle(x, y, width, height int16, c color.RGBA) error {
 	k, i := d.Size()

lora/config.go

@@ -80,6 +80,9 @@ const (
 const (
 	MHz_868_1 = 868100000
 	MHz_868_5 = 868500000
+	MHz_902_3 = 902300000
+	Mhz_903_0 = 903000000
+	MHZ_915_0 = 915000000
 	MHz_916_8 = 916800000
 	MHz_923_3 = 923300000
 )

lora/lorawan/adaptor.go

@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ const (
 var (
 	ActiveRadio    lora.Radio
 	Retries        = 15
-	regionSettings region.RegionSettings
+	regionSettings region.Settings
 )
 
 // UseRegionSettings sets current Lorawan Regional parameters
-func UseRegionSettings(rs region.RegionSettings) {
+func UseRegionSettings(rs region.Settings) {
 	regionSettings = rs
 }
 
@@ -52,13 +52,13 @@ func SetPublicNetwork(enabled bool) {
 }
 
 // ApplyChannelConfig sets current Lora modulation according to current regional settings
-func applyChannelConfig(ch *region.Channel) {
+func applyChannelConfig(ch region.Channel) {
-	ActiveRadio.SetFrequency(ch.Frequency)
+	ActiveRadio.SetFrequency(ch.Frequency())
-	ActiveRadio.SetBandwidth(ch.Bandwidth)
+	ActiveRadio.SetBandwidth(ch.Bandwidth())
-	ActiveRadio.SetCodingRate(ch.CodingRate)
+	ActiveRadio.SetCodingRate(ch.CodingRate())
-	ActiveRadio.SetSpreadingFactor(ch.SpreadingFactor)
+	ActiveRadio.SetSpreadingFactor(ch.SpreadingFactor())
-	ActiveRadio.SetPreambleLength(ch.PreambleLength)
+	ActiveRadio.SetPreambleLength(ch.PreambleLength())
-	ActiveRadio.SetTxPower(ch.TxPowerDBm)
+	ActiveRadio.SetTxPower(ch.TxPowerDBm())
 	// Lorawan defaults to explicit headers
 	ActiveRadio.SetHeaderType(lora.HeaderExplicit)
 	ActiveRadio.SetCrc(true)
@@ -84,24 +84,30 @@ func Join(otaa *Otaa, session *Session) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	// Prepare radio for Join Tx
+	for {
-	applyChannelConfig(regionSettings.JoinRequestChannel())
+		joinRequestChannel := regionSettings.JoinRequestChannel()
-	ActiveRadio.SetIqMode(lora.IQStandard)
+		joinAcceptChannel := regionSettings.JoinAcceptChannel()
-	ActiveRadio.Tx(payload, LORA_TX_TIMEOUT)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
 
-	// Wait for JoinAccept
+		// Prepare radio for Join Tx
-	applyChannelConfig(regionSettings.JoinAcceptChannel())
+		applyChannelConfig(joinRequestChannel)
-	ActiveRadio.SetIqMode(lora.IQInverted)
+		ActiveRadio.SetIqMode(lora.IQStandard)
-	resp, err = ActiveRadio.Rx(LORA_RX_TIMEOUT)
+		ActiveRadio.Tx(payload, LORA_TX_TIMEOUT)
-	if err != nil {
+		if err != nil {
-		return err
+			return err
-	}
+		}
 
-	if resp == nil {
+		// Wait for JoinAccept
-		return ErrNoJoinAcceptReceived
+		if joinAcceptChannel.Frequency() != 0 {
+			applyChannelConfig(joinAcceptChannel)
+		}
+		ActiveRadio.SetIqMode(lora.IQInverted)
+		resp, err = ActiveRadio.Rx(LORA_RX_TIMEOUT)
+		if err == nil && resp != nil {
+			break
+		}
+		if !joinAcceptChannel.Next() {
+			return ErrNoJoinAcceptReceived
+		}
 	}
 
 	err = otaa.DecodeJoinAccept(resp, session)

lora/lorawan/region/au915.go

@@ -7,43 +7,41 @@ const (
 	AU915_DEFAULT_TX_POWER_DBM = 20
 )
 
-type RegionSettingsAU915 struct {
+type ChannelAU struct {
-	joinRequestChannel *Channel
+	channel
-	joinAcceptChannel  *Channel
-	uplinkChannel      *Channel
 }
 
-func AU915() *RegionSettingsAU915 {
+func (c *ChannelAU) Next() bool {
-	return &RegionSettingsAU915{
+	return false
-		joinRequestChannel: &Channel{lora.MHz_916_8,
+}
+
+type SettingsAU915 struct {
+	settings
+}
+
+func AU915() *SettingsAU915 {
+	return &SettingsAU915{settings: settings{
+		joinRequestChannel: &ChannelAU{channel: channel{lora.MHz_916_8,
 			lora.Bandwidth_125_0,
 			lora.SpreadingFactor9,
 			lora.CodingRate4_5,
 			AU915_DEFAULT_PREAMBLE_LEN,
-			AU915_DEFAULT_TX_POWER_DBM},
+			AU915_DEFAULT_TX_POWER_DBM}},
-		joinAcceptChannel: &Channel{lora.MHz_923_3,
+		joinAcceptChannel: &ChannelAU{channel: channel{lora.MHz_923_3,
 			lora.Bandwidth_500_0,
 			lora.SpreadingFactor9,
 			lora.CodingRate4_5,
 			AU915_DEFAULT_PREAMBLE_LEN,
-			AU915_DEFAULT_TX_POWER_DBM},
+			AU915_DEFAULT_TX_POWER_DBM}},
-		uplinkChannel: &Channel{lora.MHz_916_8,
+		uplinkChannel: &ChannelAU{channel: channel{lora.MHz_916_8,
 			lora.Bandwidth_125_0,
 			lora.SpreadingFactor9,
 			lora.CodingRate4_5,
 			AU915_DEFAULT_PREAMBLE_LEN,
-			AU915_DEFAULT_TX_POWER_DBM},
+			AU915_DEFAULT_TX_POWER_DBM}},
-	}
+	}}
 }
 
-func (r *RegionSettingsAU915) JoinRequestChannel() *Channel {
+func Next(c *ChannelAU) bool {
-	return r.joinRequestChannel
+	return false
-}
-
-func (r *RegionSettingsAU915) JoinAcceptChannel() *Channel {
-	return r.joinAcceptChannel
-}
-
-func (r *RegionSettingsAU915) UplinkChannel() *Channel {
-	return r.uplinkChannel
 }

lora/lorawan/region/channel.go

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package region
+
+type Channel interface {
+	Next() bool
+	Frequency() uint32
+	Bandwidth() uint8
+	SpreadingFactor() uint8
+	CodingRate() uint8
+	PreambleLength() uint16
+	TxPowerDBm() int8
+	SetFrequency(v uint32)
+	SetBandwidth(v uint8)
+	SetSpreadingFactor(v uint8)
+	SetCodingRate(v uint8)
+	SetPreambleLength(v uint16)
+	SetTxPowerDBm(v int8)
+}
+
+type channel struct {
+	frequency       uint32
+	bandwidth       uint8
+	spreadingFactor uint8
+	codingRate      uint8
+	preambleLength  uint16
+	txPowerDBm      int8
+}
+
+// Getter functions
+func (c *channel) Frequency() uint32      { return c.frequency }
+func (c *channel) Bandwidth() uint8       { return c.bandwidth }
+func (c *channel) SpreadingFactor() uint8 { return c.spreadingFactor }
+func (c *channel) CodingRate() uint8      { return c.codingRate }
+func (c *channel) PreambleLength() uint16 { return c.preambleLength }
+func (c *channel) TxPowerDBm() int8       { return c.txPowerDBm }
+
+// Set functions
+func (c *channel) SetFrequency(v uint32)      { c.frequency = v }
+func (c *channel) SetBandwidth(v uint8)       { c.bandwidth = v }
+func (c *channel) SetSpreadingFactor(v uint8) { c.spreadingFactor = v }
+func (c *channel) SetCodingRate(v uint8)      { c.codingRate = v }
+func (c *channel) SetPreambleLength(v uint16) { c.preambleLength = v }
+func (c *channel) SetTxPowerDBm(v int8)       { c.txPowerDBm = v }

lora/lorawan/region/eu868.go

@@ -7,43 +7,37 @@ const (
 	EU868_DEFAULT_TX_POWER_DBM = 20
 )
 
-type RegionSettingsEU868 struct {
+type ChannelEU struct {
-	joinRequestChannel *Channel
+	channel
-	joinAcceptChannel  *Channel
-	uplinkChannel      *Channel
 }
 
-func EU868() *RegionSettingsEU868 {
+func (c *ChannelEU) Next() bool {
-	return &RegionSettingsEU868{
+	return false
-		joinRequestChannel: &Channel{lora.MHz_868_1,
+}
+
+type SettingsEU868 struct {
+	settings
+}
+
+func EU868() *SettingsEU868 {
+	return &SettingsEU868{settings: settings{
+		joinRequestChannel: &ChannelEU{channel: channel{lora.MHz_868_1,
 			lora.Bandwidth_125_0,
 			lora.SpreadingFactor9,
 			lora.CodingRate4_7,
 			EU868_DEFAULT_PREAMBLE_LEN,
-			EU868_DEFAULT_TX_POWER_DBM},
+			EU868_DEFAULT_TX_POWER_DBM}},
-		joinAcceptChannel: &Channel{lora.MHz_868_1,
+		joinAcceptChannel: &ChannelEU{channel: channel{lora.MHz_868_1,
 			lora.Bandwidth_125_0,
 			lora.SpreadingFactor9,
 			lora.CodingRate4_7,
 			EU868_DEFAULT_PREAMBLE_LEN,
-			EU868_DEFAULT_TX_POWER_DBM},
+			EU868_DEFAULT_TX_POWER_DBM}},
-		uplinkChannel: &Channel{lora.MHz_868_1,
+		uplinkChannel: &ChannelEU{channel: channel{lora.MHz_868_1,
 			lora.Bandwidth_125_0,
 			lora.SpreadingFactor9,
 			lora.CodingRate4_7,
 			EU868_DEFAULT_PREAMBLE_LEN,
-			EU868_DEFAULT_TX_POWER_DBM},
+			EU868_DEFAULT_TX_POWER_DBM}},
-	}
+	}}
-}
-
-func (r *RegionSettingsEU868) JoinRequestChannel() *Channel {
-	return r.joinRequestChannel
-}
-
-func (r *RegionSettingsEU868) JoinAcceptChannel() *Channel {
-	return r.joinAcceptChannel
-}
-
-func (r *RegionSettingsEU868) UplinkChannel() *Channel {
-	return r.uplinkChannel
 }

lora/lorawan/region/regionset.go

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-package region
-
-type Channel struct {
-	Frequency       uint32
-	Bandwidth       uint8
-	SpreadingFactor uint8
-	CodingRate      uint8
-	PreambleLength  uint16
-	TxPowerDBm      int8
-}
-
-type RegionSettings interface {
-	JoinRequestChannel() *Channel
-	JoinAcceptChannel() *Channel
-	UplinkChannel() *Channel
-}

lora/lorawan/region/settings.go

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package region
+
+type Settings interface {
+	JoinRequestChannel() Channel
+	JoinAcceptChannel() Channel
+	UplinkChannel() Channel
+}
+
+type settings struct {
+	joinRequestChannel Channel
+	joinAcceptChannel  Channel
+	uplinkChannel      Channel
+}
+
+func (r *settings) JoinRequestChannel() Channel {
+	return r.joinRequestChannel
+}
+
+func (r *settings) JoinAcceptChannel() Channel {
+	return r.joinAcceptChannel
+}
+
+func (r *settings) UplinkChannel() Channel {
+	return r.uplinkChannel
+}

lora/lorawan/region/us915.go

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+package region
+
+import "tinygo.org/x/drivers/lora"
+
+const (
+	US915_DEFAULT_PREAMBLE_LEN     = 8
+	US915_DEFAULT_TX_POWER_DBM     = 20
+	US915_FREQUENCY_INCREMENT_DR_0 = 200000  // only for 125 kHz Bandwidth
+	US915_FREQUENCY_INCREMENT_DR_4 = 1600000 // only for 500 kHz Bandwidth
+)
+
+type ChannelUS struct {
+	channel
+}
+
+func (c *ChannelUS) Next() bool {
+	switch c.Bandwidth() {
+	case lora.Bandwidth_125_0:
+		freq, ok := stepFrequency125(c.frequency)
+		if ok {
+			c.frequency = freq
+		} else {
+			c.frequency = lora.Mhz_903_0
+			c.bandwidth = lora.Bandwidth_500_0
+		}
+	case lora.Bandwidth_500_0:
+		freq, ok := stepFrequency500(c.frequency)
+		if ok {
+			c.frequency = freq
+		} else {
+			// there are no more frequencies to check after sweeping all 8 500 kHz channels
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+
+	return true
+}
+
+func stepFrequency125(freq uint32) (uint32, bool) {
+	f := freq + US915_FREQUENCY_INCREMENT_DR_0
+	if f >= lora.MHZ_915_0 {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+
+	return f, true
+}
+
+func stepFrequency500(freq uint32) (uint32, bool) {
+	f := freq + US915_FREQUENCY_INCREMENT_DR_4
+	if f >= lora.MHZ_915_0 {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+
+	return f, true
+}
+
+type SettingsUS915 struct {
+	settings
+}
+
+func US915() *SettingsUS915 {
+	return &SettingsUS915{settings: settings{
+		joinRequestChannel: &ChannelUS{channel: channel{lora.MHz_902_3,
+			lora.Bandwidth_125_0,
+			lora.SpreadingFactor10,
+			lora.CodingRate4_5,
+			US915_DEFAULT_PREAMBLE_LEN,
+			US915_DEFAULT_TX_POWER_DBM}},
+		joinAcceptChannel: &ChannelUS{channel: channel{0,
+			lora.Bandwidth_500_0,
+			lora.SpreadingFactor9,
+			lora.CodingRate4_5,
+			US915_DEFAULT_PREAMBLE_LEN,
+			US915_DEFAULT_TX_POWER_DBM}},
+		uplinkChannel: &ChannelUS{channel: channel{lora.Mhz_903_0,
+			lora.Bandwidth_500_0,
+			lora.SpreadingFactor9,
+			lora.CodingRate4_5,
+			US915_DEFAULT_PREAMBLE_LEN,
+			US915_DEFAULT_TX_POWER_DBM}},
+	}}
+}

pixel/image.go

@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+package pixel
+
+import (
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+// Image buffer, used for working with the native image format of various
+// displays. It works a lot like a slice: it can be rescaled while reusing the
+// underlying buffer and should be passed around by value.
+type Image[T Color] struct {
+	width  int16
+	height int16
+	data   unsafe.Pointer
+}
+
+// NewImage creates a new image of the given size.
+func NewImage[T Color](width, height int) Image[T] {
+	if width < 0 || height < 0 || int(int16(width)) != width || int(int16(height)) != height {
+		// The width/height are stored as 16-bit integers and should never be
+		// negative.
+		panic("NewImage: width/height out of bounds")
+	}
+	var zeroColor T
+	var data unsafe.Pointer
+	if zeroColor.BitsPerPixel()%8 == 0 {
+		// Typical formats like RGB888 and RGB565.
+		// Each color starts at a whole byte offset from the start.
+		buf := make([]T, width*height)
+		data = unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0])
+	} else {
+		// Formats like RGB444 that have 12 bits per pixel.
+		// We access these as bytes, so allocate the buffer as a byte slice.
+		bufBits := width * height * zeroColor.BitsPerPixel()
+		bufBytes := (bufBits + 7) / 8
+		buf := make([]byte, bufBytes)
+		data = unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0])
+	}
+	return Image[T]{
+		width:  int16(width),
+		height: int16(height),
+		data:   data,
+	}
+}
+
+// Rescale returns a new Image buffer based on the img buffer.
+// The contents is undefined after the Rescale operation, and any modification
+// to the returned image will overwrite the underlying image buffer in undefined
+// ways. It will panic if width*height is larger than img.Len().
+func (img Image[T]) Rescale(width, height int) Image[T] {
+	if width*height > img.Len() {
+		panic("Image.Rescale size out of bounds")
+	}
+	return Image[T]{
+		width:  int16(width),
+		height: int16(height),
+		data:   img.data,
+	}
+}
+
+// LimitHeight returns a subimage with the bottom part cut off, as specified by
+// height.
+func (img Image[T]) LimitHeight(height int) Image[T] {
+	if height < 0 || height > int(img.height) {
+		panic("Image.LimitHeight: out of bounds")
+	}
+	return Image[T]{
+		width:  img.width,
+		height: int16(height),
+		data:   img.data,
+	}
+}
+
+// Len returns the number of pixels in this image buffer.
+func (img Image[T]) Len() int {
+	return int(img.width) * int(img.height)
+}
+
+// RawBuffer returns a byte slice that can be written directly to the screen
+// using DrawRGBBitmap8.
+func (img Image[T]) RawBuffer() []uint8 {
+	var zeroColor T
+	var numBytes int
+	if zeroColor.BitsPerPixel()%8 == 0 {
+		// Each color starts at a whole byte offset.
+		numBytes = int(unsafe.Sizeof(zeroColor)) * int(img.width) * int(img.height)
+	} else {
+		// Formats like RGB444 that aren't a whole number of bytes.
+		numBits := zeroColor.BitsPerPixel() * int(img.width) * int(img.height)
+		numBytes = (numBits + 7) / 8 // round up (see NewImage)
+	}
+	return unsafe.Slice((*byte)(img.data), numBytes)
+}
+
+// Size returns the image size.
+func (img Image[T]) Size() (int, int) {
+	return int(img.width), int(img.height)
+}
+
+func (img Image[T]) setPixel(index int, c T) {
+	var zeroColor T
+
+	if zeroColor.BitsPerPixel()%8 == 0 {
+		// Each color starts at a whole byte offset.
+		// This is the easy case.
+		offset := index * int(unsafe.Sizeof(zeroColor))
+		ptr := unsafe.Add(img.data, offset)
+		*((*T)(ptr)) = c
+		return
+	}
+
+	if c, ok := any(c).(RGB444BE); ok {
+		// Special case for RGB444.
+		bitIndex := index * zeroColor.BitsPerPixel()
+		if bitIndex%8 == 0 {
+			byteOffset := bitIndex / 8
+			ptr := (*[2]byte)(unsafe.Add(img.data, byteOffset))
+			ptr[0] = uint8(c >> 4)
+			ptr[1] = ptr[1]&0x0f | uint8(c)<<4 // change top bits
+		} else {
+			byteOffset := bitIndex / 8
+			ptr := (*[2]byte)(unsafe.Add(img.data, byteOffset))
+			ptr[0] = ptr[0]&0xf0 | uint8(c>>8) // change bottom bits
+			ptr[1] = uint8(c)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	// TODO: the code for RGB444 should be generalized to support any bit size.
+	panic("todo: setPixel for odd bits per pixel")
+}
+
+// Set sets the pixel at x, y to the given color.
+// Use FillSolidColor to efficiently fill the entire image buffer.
+func (img Image[T]) Set(x, y int, c T) {
+	if uint(x) >= uint(int(img.width)) || uint(y) >= uint(int(img.height)) {
+		panic("Image.Set: out of bounds")
+	}
+	index := y*int(img.width) + x
+	img.setPixel(index, c)
+}
+
+// Get returns the color at the given index.
+func (img Image[T]) Get(x, y int) T {
+	if uint(x) >= uint(int(img.width)) || uint(y) >= uint(int(img.height)) {
+		panic("Image.Get: out of bounds")
+	}
+	var zeroColor T
+	index := y*int(img.width) + x // index into img.data
+
+	if zeroColor.BitsPerPixel()%8 == 0 {
+		// Colors like RGB565, RGB888, etc.
+		offset := index * int(unsafe.Sizeof(zeroColor))
+		ptr := unsafe.Add(img.data, offset)
+		return *((*T)(ptr))
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := any(zeroColor).(RGB444BE); ok {
+		// Special case for RGB444 that isn't stored in a neat byte multiple.
+		bitIndex := index * zeroColor.BitsPerPixel()
+		var c RGB444BE
+		if bitIndex%8 == 0 {
+			byteOffset := bitIndex / 8
+			ptr := (*[2]byte)(unsafe.Add(img.data, byteOffset))
+			c |= RGB444BE(ptr[0]) << 4
+			c |= RGB444BE(ptr[1] >> 4) // load top bits
+		} else {
+			byteOffset := bitIndex / 8
+			ptr := (*[2]byte)(unsafe.Add(img.data, byteOffset))
+			c |= RGB444BE(ptr[0]&0x0f) << 8 // load bottom bits
+			c |= RGB444BE(ptr[1])
+		}
+		return any(c).(T)
+	}
+
+	// TODO: generalize the above code.
+	panic("todo: Image.Get for odd bits per pixel")
+}
+
+// FillSolidColor fills the entire image with the given color.
+// This may be faster than setting individual pixels.
+func (img Image[T]) FillSolidColor(color T) {
+	var zeroColor T
+
+	// Fast pass for colors of 8, 16, 24, etc bytes in size.
+	if zeroColor.BitsPerPixel()%8 == 0 {
+		ptr := img.data
+		for i := 0; i < img.Len(); i++ {
+			// TODO: this can be optimized a lot.
+			// - The store can be done as a 32-bit integer, after checking for
+			//   alignment.
+			// - Perhaps the loop can be unrolled to improve copy performance.
+			*(*T)(ptr) = color
+			ptr = unsafe.Add(ptr, unsafe.Sizeof(zeroColor))
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Special case for RGB444.
+	if c, ok := any(color).(RGB444BE); ok {
+		// RGB444 can be stored in a more optimized way, by storing two colors
+		// at a time instead of setting each color individually. This avoids
+		// loading and masking the old color bits for the half-bytes.
+		var buf [3]uint8
+		buf[0] = uint8(c >> 4)
+		buf[1] = uint8(c)<<4 | uint8(c>>8)
+		buf[2] = uint8(c)
+		rawBuf := unsafe.Slice((*[3]byte)(img.data), img.Len()/2)
+		for i := 0; i < len(rawBuf); i++ {
+			rawBuf[i] = buf
+		}
+		if img.Len()%2 != 0 {
+			// The image contains an uneven number of pixels.
+			// This is uncommon, but it can happen and we have to handle it.
+			img.setPixel(img.Len()-1, color)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Fallback for other color formats.
+	for i := 0; i < img.Len(); i++ {
+		img.setPixel(i, color)
+	}
+}

pixel/image_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+package pixel_test
+
+import (
+	"image/color"
+	"testing"
+
+	"tinygo.org/x/drivers/pixel"
+)
+
+func TestImageRGB565BE(t *testing.T) {
+	image := pixel.NewImage[pixel.RGB565BE](5, 3)
+	if width, height := image.Size(); width != 5 && height != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("image.Size(): expected 5, 3 but got %d, %d", width, height)
+	}
+	for _, c := range []color.RGBA{
+		{R: 0xff, A: 0xff},
+		{G: 0xff, A: 0xff},
+		{B: 0xff, A: 0xff},
+		{R: 0x10, A: 0xff},
+		{G: 0x10, A: 0xff},
+		{B: 0x10, A: 0xff},
+	} {
+		image.Set(4, 2, pixel.NewColor[pixel.RGB565BE](c.R, c.G, c.B))
+		c2 := image.Get(4, 2).RGBA()
+		if c2 != c {
+			t.Errorf("failed to roundtrip color: expected %v but got %v", c, c2)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestImageRGB444BE(t *testing.T) {
+	image := pixel.NewImage[pixel.RGB444BE](5, 3)
+	if width, height := image.Size(); width != 5 && height != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("image.Size(): expected 5, 3 but got %d, %d", width, height)
+	}
+	for _, c := range []color.RGBA{
+		{R: 0xff, A: 0xff},
+		{G: 0xff, A: 0xff},
+		{B: 0xff, A: 0xff},
+		{R: 0x11, A: 0xff},
+		{G: 0x11, A: 0xff},
+		{B: 0x11, A: 0xff},
+	} {
+		encoded := pixel.NewColor[pixel.RGB444BE](c.R, c.G, c.B)
+		image.Set(0, 0, encoded)
+		image.Set(0, 1, encoded)
+		encoded2 := image.Get(0, 0)
+		encoded3 := image.Get(0, 1)
+		if encoded != encoded2 {
+			t.Errorf("failed to roundtrip color %v: expected %d but got %d", c, encoded, encoded2)
+		}
+		if encoded != encoded3 {
+			t.Errorf("failed to roundtrip color %v: expected %d but got %d", c, encoded, encoded3)
+		}
+		c2 := encoded2.RGBA()
+		if c2 != c {
+			t.Errorf("failed to roundtrip color: expected %v but got %v", c, c2)
+		}
+		c3 := encoded3.RGBA()
+		if c3 != c {
+			t.Errorf("failed to roundtrip color: expected %v but got %v", c, c3)
+		}
+	}
+}

pixel/pixel.go

@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+// Package pixel contains pixel format definitions used in various displays and
+// fast operations on them.
+//
+// This package is just a base for pixel operations, it is _not_ a graphics
+// library. It doesn't define circles, lines, etc - just the bare minimum
+// graphics operations needed plus the ones that need to be specialized per
+// pixel format.
+package pixel
+
+import (
+	"image/color"
+	"math/bits"
+)
+
+// Pixel with a particular color, matching the underlying hardware of a
+// particular display. Each pixel is at least 1 byte in size.
+// The color format is sRGB (or close to it) in all cases.
+type Color interface {
+	RGB888 | RGB565BE | RGB555 | RGB444BE
+
+	BaseColor
+}
+
+// BaseColor contains all the methods needed in a color format. This can be used
+// in display drivers that want to define their own Color type with just the
+// pixel formats the display supports.
+type BaseColor interface {
+	// The number of bits when stored.
+	// This means for example that RGB555 (which is still stored as a 16-bit
+	// integer) returns 16, while RGB444 returns 12.
+	BitsPerPixel() int
+
+	// Return the given color in color.RGBA format, which is always sRGB. The
+	// alpha channel is always 255.
+	RGBA() color.RGBA
+}
+
+// NewColor returns the given color based on the RGB values passed in the
+// parameters. The input value is assumed to be in sRGB color space.
+func NewColor[T Color](r, g, b uint8) T {
+	// Ugly cast from color.RGBA to T. The type switch and interface casts are
+	// trivially optimized away after instantiation.
+	var value T
+	switch any(value).(type) {
+	case RGB888:
+		return any(NewRGB888(r, g, b)).(T)
+	case RGB565BE:
+		return any(NewRGB565BE(r, g, b)).(T)
+	case RGB555:
+		return any(NewRGB555(r, g, b)).(T)
+	case RGB444BE:
+		return any(NewRGB444BE(r, g, b)).(T)
+	default:
+		panic("unknown color format")
+	}
+}
+
+// NewLinearColor returns the given color based on the linear RGB values passed
+// in the parameters. Use this if the RGB values are actually linear colors
+// (like those that are used in most RGB LEDs) and not when it is in the usual
+// sRGB color space (which is not linear).
+//
+// The input is assumed to be in the linear sRGB color space.
+func NewLinearColor[T Color](r, g, b uint8) T {
+	r = gammaEncodeTable[r]
+	g = gammaEncodeTable[g]
+	b = gammaEncodeTable[b]
+	return NewColor[T](r, g, b)
+}
+
+// RGB888 format, more commonly used in other places (desktop PC displays, CSS,
+// etc). Less commonly used on embedded displays due to the higher memory usage.
+type RGB888 struct {
+	R, G, B uint8
+}
+
+func NewRGB888(r, g, b uint8) RGB888 {
+	return RGB888{r, g, b}
+}
+
+func (c RGB888) BitsPerPixel() int {
+	return 24
+}
+
+func (c RGB888) RGBA() color.RGBA {
+	return color.RGBA{
+		R: c.R,
+		G: c.G,
+		B: c.B,
+		A: 255,
+	}
+}
+
+// RGB565 as used in many SPI displays. Stored as a big endian value.
+//
+// The color format in integer form is gggbbbbb_rrrrrggg on little endian
+// systems, which is the standard RGB565 format but with the top and bottom
+// bytes swapped.
+//
+// There are a few alternatives to this weird big-endian format, but they're not
+// great:
+//   - Storing the value in two 8-bit stores (to make the code endian-agnostic)
+//     incurs too much of a performance penalty.
+//   - Swapping the upper and lower bits just before storing. This is still less
+//     efficient than it could be, since colors are usually constructed once and
+//     then reused in many store operations. Doing the swap once instead of many
+//     times for each store is a performance win.
+type RGB565BE uint16
+
+func NewRGB565BE(r, g, b uint8) RGB565BE {
+	val := uint16(r&0xF8)<<8 +
+		uint16(g&0xFC)<<3 +
+		uint16(b&0xF8)>>3
+	// Swap endianness (make big endian).
+	// This is done using a single instruction on ARM (rev16).
+	// TODO: this should only be done on little endian systems, but TinyGo
+	// doesn't currently (2023) support big endian systems so it's difficult to
+	// test. Also, big endian systems don't seem fasionable these days.
+	val = bits.ReverseBytes16(val)
+	return RGB565BE(val)
+}
+
+func (c RGB565BE) BitsPerPixel() int {
+	return 16
+}
+
+func (c RGB565BE) RGBA() color.RGBA {
+	// Note: on ARM, the compiler uses a rev instruction instead of a rev16
+	// instruction. I wonder whether this can be optimized further to use rev16
+	// instead?
+	c = c<<8 | c>>8
+	color := color.RGBA{
+		R: uint8(c>>11) << 3,
+		G: uint8(c>>5) << 2,
+		B: uint8(c) << 3,
+		A: 255,
+	}
+	// Correct color rounding, so that 0xff roundtrips back to 0xff.
+	color.R |= color.R >> 5
+	color.G |= color.G >> 6
+	color.B |= color.B >> 5
+	return color
+}
+
+// Color format used on the GameBoy Advance among others.
+//
+// Colors are stored as native endian values, with bits 0bbbbbgg_gggrrrrr (red
+// is least significant, blue is most significant).
+type RGB555 uint16
+
+func NewRGB555(r, g, b uint8) RGB555 {
+	return RGB555(r)>>3 | (RGB555(g)>>3)<<5 | (RGB555(b)>>3)<<10
+}
+
+func (c RGB555) BitsPerPixel() int {
+	// 15 bits per pixel, but there are 16 bits when stored
+	return 16
+}
+
+func (c RGB555) RGBA() color.RGBA {
+	color := color.RGBA{
+		R: uint8(c>>10) << 3,
+		G: uint8(c>>5) << 3,
+		B: uint8(c) << 3,
+		A: 255,
+	}
+	// Correct color rounding, so that 0xff roundtrips back to 0xff.
+	color.R |= color.R >> 5
+	color.G |= color.G >> 5
+	color.B |= color.B >> 5
+	return color
+}
+
+// Color format that is supported by the ST7789 for example.
+// It may be a bit faster to use than RGB565BE on very slow SPI buses.
+//
+// The color format is native endian as a uint16 (0000rrrr_ggggbbbb), not big
+// endian which you might expect. I tried swapping the bytes, but it didn't have
+// much of a performance impact and made the code harder to read. It is stored
+// as a 12-bit big endian value in Image[RGB444BE] though.
+type RGB444BE uint16
+
+func NewRGB444BE(r, g, b uint8) RGB444BE {
+	return RGB444BE(r>>4)<<8 | RGB444BE(g>>4)<<4 | RGB444BE(b>>4)
+}
+
+func (c RGB444BE) BitsPerPixel() int {
+	return 12
+}
+
+func (c RGB444BE) RGBA() color.RGBA {
+	color := color.RGBA{
+		R: uint8(c>>8) << 4,
+		G: uint8(c>>4) << 4,
+		B: uint8(c>>0) << 4,
+		A: 255,
+	}
+	// Correct color rounding, so that 0xff roundtrips back to 0xff.
+	color.R |= color.R >> 4
+	color.G |= color.G >> 4
+	color.B |= color.B >> 4
+	return color
+}
+
+// Gamma brightness lookup table:
+// https://victornpb.github.io/gamma-table-generator
+// gamma = 0.45 steps = 256 range = 0-255
+var gammaEncodeTable = [256]uint8{
+	0, 21, 28, 34, 39, 43, 46, 50, 53, 56, 59, 61, 64, 66, 68, 70,
+	72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98,
+	99, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118,
+	119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135,
+	136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150,
+	151, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 160, 161, 162, 163,
+	164, 164, 165, 166, 167, 167, 168, 169, 170, 170, 171, 172, 173, 173, 174, 175,
+	175, 176, 177, 178, 178, 179, 180, 180, 181, 182, 182, 183, 184, 184, 185, 186,
+	186, 187, 188, 188, 189, 190, 190, 191, 192, 192, 193, 194, 194, 195, 195, 196,
+	197, 197, 198, 199, 199, 200, 200, 201, 202, 202, 203, 203, 204, 205, 205, 206,
+	206, 207, 207, 208, 209, 209, 210, 210, 211, 212, 212, 213, 213, 214, 214, 215,
+	215, 216, 217, 217, 218, 218, 219, 219, 220, 220, 221, 221, 222, 223, 223, 224,
+	224, 225, 225, 226, 226, 227, 227, 228, 228, 229, 229, 230, 230, 231, 231, 232,
+	232, 233, 233, 234, 234, 235, 235, 236, 236, 237, 237, 238, 238, 239, 239, 240,
+	240, 241, 241, 242, 242, 243, 243, 244, 244, 245, 245, 246, 246, 247, 247, 248,
+	248, 249, 249, 249, 250, 250, 251, 251, 252, 252, 253, 253, 254, 254, 255, 255,
+}

sh1106/sh1106.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"tinygo.org/x/drivers"
+	"tinygo.org/x/drivers/internal/legacy"
 )
 
 // Device wraps an SPI connection.
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ type Buser interface {
 
 type VccMode uint8
 
-// NewI2C creates a new SSD1306 connection. The I2C wire must already be configured.
+// NewI2C creates a new SH1106 connection. The I2C wire must already be configured.
 func NewI2C(bus drivers.I2C) Device {
 	return Device{
 		bus: &I2CBus{
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ func NewI2C(bus drivers.I2C) Device {
 	}
 }
 
-// NewSPI creates a new SSD1306 connection. The SPI wire must already be configured.
+// NewSPI creates a new SH1106 connection. The SPI wire must already be configured.
 func NewSPI(bus drivers.SPI, dcPin, resetPin, csPin machine.Pin) Device {
 	dcPin.Configure(machine.PinConfig{Mode: machine.PinOutput})
 	resetPin.Configure(machine.PinConfig{Mode: machine.PinOutput})
@@ -283,9 +284,9 @@ func (d *Device) Tx(data []byte, isCommand bool) {
 // tx sends data to the display (I2CBus implementation)
 func (b *I2CBus) tx(data []byte, isCommand bool) {
 	if isCommand {
-		b.wire.WriteRegister(uint8(b.Address), 0x00, data)
+		legacy.WriteRegister(b.wire, uint8(b.Address), 0x00, data)
 	} else {
-		b.wire.WriteRegister(uint8(b.Address), 0x40, data)
+		legacy.WriteRegister(b.wire, uint8(b.Address), 0x40, data)
 	}
 }
 

smoketest.go

@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ func runSmokeTest(filename string) error {
 		result := <-job.resultChan
 		os.Stdout.Write(job.output.Bytes())
 		if result != nil {
-			return err
+			return result
 		}
 	}
 

smoketest.sh

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 # get an md5sum).
 
 
+tinygo build -size short -o ./build/test.hex -target=feather-rp2040 ./examples/adafruit4650
 tinygo build -size short -o ./build/test.hex -target=itsybitsy-m0 ./examples/adt7410/main.go
 tinygo build -size short -o ./build/test.hex -target=itsybitsy-m0 ./examples/adxl345/main.go
 tinygo build -size short -o ./build/test.hex -target=pybadge ./examples/amg88xx
@@ -135,3 +136,4 @@ tinygo build -size short -o ./build/test.hex -target=pico ./examples/ndir/main_n
 tinygo build -size short -o ./build/test.hex -target=microbit ./examples/ndir/main_ndir.go
 tinygo build -size short -o ./build/test.hex -target=arduino-nano33 ./examples/ndir/main_ndir.go
 tinygo build -size short -o ./build/test.uf2 -target=pico ./examples/mpu9150/main.go
+tinygo build -size short -o ./build/test.hex -target=macropad-rp2040 ./examples/sh1106/macropad_spi

st7735/st7735.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 
 	"tinygo.org/x/drivers"
+	"tinygo.org/x/drivers/pixel"
 )
 
 type Model uint8
@@ -20,12 +21,23 @@ type Model uint8
 // Deprecated: use drivers.Rotation instead.
 type Rotation = drivers.Rotation
 
+// Pixel formats supported by the st7735 driver.
+type Color interface {
+	pixel.RGB444BE | pixel.RGB565BE
+
+	pixel.BaseColor
+}
+
 var (
 	errOutOfBounds = errors.New("rectangle coordinates outside display area")
 )
 
 // Device wraps an SPI connection.
-type Device struct {
+type Device = DeviceOf[pixel.RGB565BE]
+
+// DeviceOf is a generic version of Device, which supports different pixel
+// formats.
+type DeviceOf[T Color] struct {
 	bus          drivers.SPI
 	dcPin        machine.Pin
 	resetPin     machine.Pin
@@ -39,7 +51,7 @@ type Device struct {
 	batchLength  int16
 	model        Model
 	isBGR        bool
-	batchData    []uint8
+	batchData    pixel.Image[T] // "image" with width, height of (batchLength, 1)
 }
 
 // Config is the configuration for the display
@@ -54,11 +66,17 @@ type Config struct {
 
 // New creates a new ST7735 connection. The SPI wire must already be configured.
 func New(bus drivers.SPI, resetPin, dcPin, csPin, blPin machine.Pin) Device {
+	return NewOf[pixel.RGB565BE](bus, resetPin, dcPin, csPin, blPin)
+}
+
+// NewOf creates a new ST7735 connection with a particular pixel format. The SPI
+// wire must already be configured.
+func NewOf[T Color](bus drivers.SPI, resetPin, dcPin, csPin, blPin machine.Pin) DeviceOf[T] {
 	dcPin.Configure(machine.PinConfig{Mode: machine.PinOutput})
 	resetPin.Configure(machine.PinConfig{Mode: machine.PinOutput})
 	csPin.Configure(machine.PinConfig{Mode: machine.PinOutput})
 	blPin.Configure(machine.PinConfig{Mode: machine.PinOutput})
-	return Device{
+	return DeviceOf[T]{
 		bus:      bus,
 		dcPin:    dcPin,
 		resetPin: resetPin,
@@ -68,7 +86,7 @@ func New(bus drivers.SPI, resetPin, dcPin, csPin, blPin machine.Pin) Device {
 }
 
 // Configure initializes the display with default configuration
-func (d *Device) Configure(cfg Config) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) Configure(cfg Config) {
 	d.model = cfg.Model
 	if cfg.Width != 0 {
 		d.width = cfg.Width
@@ -93,7 +111,7 @@ func (d *Device) Configure(cfg Config) {
 		d.batchLength = d.height
 	}
 	d.batchLength += d.batchLength & 1
-	d.batchData = make([]uint8, d.batchLength*2)
+	d.batchData = pixel.NewImage[T](int(d.batchLength), 1)
 
 	// reset the device
 	d.resetPin.High()
@@ -142,8 +160,16 @@ func (d *Device) Configure(cfg Config) {
 	d.Data(0xEE)
 	d.Command(VMCTR1)
 	d.Data(0x0E)
+
+	// Set the color format depending on the generic type.
 	d.Command(COLMOD)
-	d.Data(0x05)
+	var zeroColor T
+	switch any(zeroColor).(type) {
+	case pixel.RGB444BE:
+		d.Data(0x03) // 12 bits per pixel
+	default:
+		d.Data(0x05) // 16 bits per pixel
+	}
 
 	if d.model == GREENTAB {
 		d.InvertColors(false)
@@ -204,12 +230,12 @@ func (d *Device) Configure(cfg Config) {
 }
 
 // Display does nothing, there's no buffer as it might be too big for some boards
-func (d *Device) Display() error {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) Display() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
 // SetPixel sets a pixel in the screen
-func (d *Device) SetPixel(x int16, y int16, c color.RGBA) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) SetPixel(x int16, y int16, c color.RGBA) {
 	w, h := d.Size()
 	if x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= w || y >= h {
 		return
@@ -218,7 +244,7 @@ func (d *Device) SetPixel(x int16, y int16, c color.RGBA) {
 }
 
 // setWindow prepares the screen to be modified at a given rectangle
-func (d *Device) setWindow(x, y, w, h int16) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) setWindow(x, y, w, h int16) {
 	if d.rotation == drivers.Rotation0 || d.rotation == drivers.Rotation180 {
 		x += d.columnOffset
 		y += d.rowOffset
@@ -234,7 +260,7 @@ func (d *Device) setWindow(x, y, w, h int16) {
 }
 
 // SetScrollWindow sets an area to scroll with fixed top and bottom parts of the display
-func (d *Device) SetScrollArea(topFixedArea, bottomFixedArea int16) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) SetScrollArea(topFixedArea, bottomFixedArea int16) {
 	// TODO: this code is broken, see the st7789 and ili9341 implementations for
 	// how to do this correctly.
 	d.Command(VSCRDEF)
@@ -246,38 +272,32 @@ func (d *Device) SetScrollArea(topFixedArea, bottomFixedArea int16) {
 }
 
 // SetScroll sets the vertical scroll address of the display.
-func (d *Device) SetScroll(line int16) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) SetScroll(line int16) {
 	d.Command(VSCRSADD)
 	d.Tx([]uint8{uint8(line >> 8), uint8(line)}, false)
 }
 
 // SpotScroll returns the display to its normal state
-func (d *Device) StopScroll() {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) StopScroll() {
 	d.Command(NORON)
 }
 
 // FillRectangle fills a rectangle at a given coordinates with a color
-func (d *Device) FillRectangle(x, y, width, height int16, c color.RGBA) error {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) FillRectangle(x, y, width, height int16, c color.RGBA) error {
 	k, i := d.Size()
 	if x < 0 || y < 0 || width <= 0 || height <= 0 ||
 		x >= k || (x+width) > k || y >= i || (y+height) > i {
 		return errors.New("rectangle coordinates outside display area")
 	}
 	d.setWindow(x, y, width, height)
-	c565 := RGBATo565(c)
-	c1 := uint8(c565 >> 8)
-	c2 := uint8(c565)
 
-	for i = 0; i < d.batchLength; i++ {
+	d.batchData.FillSolidColor(pixel.NewColor[T](c.R, c.G, c.B))
-		d.batchData[i*2] = c1
-		d.batchData[i*2+1] = c2
-	}
 	i = width * height
 	for i > 0 {
 		if i >= d.batchLength {
-			d.Tx(d.batchData, false)
+			d.Tx(d.batchData.RawBuffer(), false)
 		} else {
-			d.Tx(d.batchData[:i*2], false)
+			d.Tx(d.batchData.Rescale(int(i), 1).RawBuffer(), false)
 		}
 		i -= d.batchLength
 	}
@@ -285,7 +305,9 @@ func (d *Device) FillRectangle(x, y, width, height int16, c color.RGBA) error {
 }
 
 // DrawRGBBitmap8 copies an RGB bitmap to the internal buffer at given coordinates
-func (d *Device) DrawRGBBitmap8(x, y int16, data []uint8, w, h int16) error {
+//
+// Deprecated: use DrawBitmap instead.
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) DrawRGBBitmap8(x, y int16, data []uint8, w, h int16) error {
 	k, i := d.Size()
 	if x < 0 || y < 0 || w <= 0 || h <= 0 ||
 		x >= k || (x+w) > k || y >= i || (y+h) > i {
@@ -296,8 +318,15 @@ func (d *Device) DrawRGBBitmap8(x, y int16, data []uint8, w, h int16) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// DrawBitmap copies the bitmap to the internal buffer on the screen at the
+// given coordinates. It returns once the image data has been sent completely.
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) DrawBitmap(x, y int16, bitmap pixel.Image[T]) error {
+	width, height := bitmap.Size()
+	return d.DrawRGBBitmap8(x, y, bitmap.RawBuffer(), int16(width), int16(height))
+}
+
 // FillRectangle fills a rectangle at a given coordinates with a buffer
-func (d *Device) FillRectangleWithBuffer(x, y, width, height int16, buffer []color.RGBA) error {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) FillRectangleWithBuffer(x, y, width, height int16, buffer []color.RGBA) error {
 	k, l := d.Size()
 	if x < 0 || y < 0 || width <= 0 || height <= 0 ||
 		x >= k || (x+width) > k || y >= l || (y+height) > l {
@@ -315,17 +344,14 @@ func (d *Device) FillRectangleWithBuffer(x, y, width, height int16, buffer []col
 	for k > 0 {
 		for i := int16(0); i < d.batchLength; i++ {
 			if offset+i < l {
-				c565 := RGBATo565(buffer[offset+i])
+				c := buffer[offset+i]
-				c1 := uint8(c565 >> 8)
+				d.batchData.Set(int(i), 0, pixel.NewColor[T](c.R, c.G, c.B))
-				c2 := uint8(c565)
-				d.batchData[i*2] = c1
-				d.batchData[i*2+1] = c2
 			}
 		}
 		if k >= d.batchLength {
-			d.Tx(d.batchData, false)
+			d.Tx(d.batchData.RawBuffer(), false)
 		} else {
-			d.Tx(d.batchData[:k*2], false)
+			d.Tx(d.batchData.Rescale(int(k), 1).RawBuffer(), false)
 		}
 		k -= d.batchLength
 		offset += d.batchLength
@@ -334,7 +360,7 @@ func (d *Device) FillRectangleWithBuffer(x, y, width, height int16, buffer []col
 }
 
 // DrawFastVLine draws a vertical line faster than using SetPixel
-func (d *Device) DrawFastVLine(x, y0, y1 int16, c color.RGBA) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) DrawFastVLine(x, y0, y1 int16, c color.RGBA) {
 	if y0 > y1 {
 		y0, y1 = y1, y0
 	}
@@ -342,7 +368,7 @@ func (d *Device) DrawFastVLine(x, y0, y1 int16, c color.RGBA) {
 }
 
 // DrawFastHLine draws a horizontal line faster than using SetPixel
-func (d *Device) DrawFastHLine(x0, x1, y int16, c color.RGBA) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) DrawFastHLine(x0, x1, y int16, c color.RGBA) {
 	if x0 > x1 {
 		x0, x1 = x1, x0
 	}
@@ -350,7 +376,7 @@ func (d *Device) DrawFastHLine(x0, x1, y int16, c color.RGBA) {
 }
 
 // FillScreen fills the screen with a given color
-func (d *Device) FillScreen(c color.RGBA) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) FillScreen(c color.RGBA) {
 	if d.rotation == drivers.Rotation0 || d.rotation == drivers.Rotation180 {
 		d.FillRectangle(0, 0, d.width, d.height, c)
 	} else {
@@ -359,12 +385,12 @@ func (d *Device) FillScreen(c color.RGBA) {
 }
 
 // Rotation returns the currently configured rotation.
-func (d *Device) Rotation() drivers.Rotation {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) Rotation() drivers.Rotation {
 	return d.rotation
 }
 
 // SetRotation changes the rotation of the device (clock-wise)
-func (d *Device) SetRotation(rotation drivers.Rotation) error {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) SetRotation(rotation drivers.Rotation) error {
 	d.rotation = rotation
 	madctl := uint8(0)
 	switch rotation % 4 {
@@ -386,23 +412,23 @@ func (d *Device) SetRotation(rotation drivers.Rotation) error {
 }
 
 // Command sends a command to the display
-func (d *Device) Command(command uint8) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) Command(command uint8) {
 	d.Tx([]byte{command}, true)
 }
 
 // Command sends a data to the display
-func (d *Device) Data(data uint8) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) Data(data uint8) {
 	d.Tx([]byte{data}, false)
 }
 
 // Tx sends data to the display
-func (d *Device) Tx(data []byte, isCommand bool) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) Tx(data []byte, isCommand bool) {
 	d.dcPin.Set(!isCommand)
 	d.bus.Tx(data, nil)
 }
 
 // Size returns the current size of the display.
-func (d *Device) Size() (w, h int16) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) Size() (w, h int16) {
 	if d.rotation == drivers.Rotation0 || d.rotation == drivers.Rotation180 {
 		return d.width, d.height
 	}
@@ -410,7 +436,7 @@ func (d *Device) Size() (w, h int16) {
 }
 
 // EnableBacklight enables or disables the backlight
-func (d *Device) EnableBacklight(enable bool) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) EnableBacklight(enable bool) {
 	if enable {
 		d.blPin.High()
 	} else {
@@ -421,7 +447,7 @@ func (d *Device) EnableBacklight(enable bool) {
 // Set the sleep mode for this LCD panel. When sleeping, the panel uses a lot
 // less power. The LCD won't display an image anymore, but the memory contents
 // will be kept.
-func (d *Device) Sleep(sleepEnabled bool) error {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) Sleep(sleepEnabled bool) error {
 	if sleepEnabled {
 		// Shut down LCD panel.
 		d.Command(SLPIN)
@@ -437,7 +463,7 @@ func (d *Device) Sleep(sleepEnabled bool) error {
 }
 
 // InverColors inverts the colors of the screen
-func (d *Device) InvertColors(invert bool) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) InvertColors(invert bool) {
 	if invert {
 		d.Command(INVON)
 	} else {
@@ -446,14 +472,6 @@ func (d *Device) InvertColors(invert bool) {
 }
 
 // IsBGR changes the color mode (RGB/BGR)
-func (d *Device) IsBGR(bgr bool) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) IsBGR(bgr bool) {
 	d.isBGR = bgr
 }
-
-// RGBATo565 converts a color.RGBA to uint16 used in the display
-func RGBATo565(c color.RGBA) uint16 {
-	r, g, b, _ := c.RGBA()
-	return uint16((r & 0xF800) +
-		((g & 0xFC00) >> 5) +
-		((b & 0xF800) >> 11))
-}

st7789/st7789.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 
 	"tinygo.org/x/drivers"
+	"tinygo.org/x/drivers/pixel"
 )
 
 // Rotation controls the rotation used by the display.
@@ -24,6 +25,13 @@ type Rotation = drivers.Rotation
 // The color format used on the display, like RGB565, RGB666, and RGB444.
 type ColorFormat uint8
 
+// Pixel formats supported by the st7789 driver.
+type Color interface {
+	pixel.RGB444BE | pixel.RGB565BE
+
+	pixel.BaseColor
+}
+
 // FrameRate controls the frame rate used by the display.
 type FrameRate uint8
 
@@ -32,7 +40,11 @@ var (
 )
 
 // Device wraps an SPI connection.
-type Device struct {
+type Device = DeviceOf[pixel.RGB565BE]
+
+// DeviceOf is a generic version of Device. It supports multiple different pixel
+// formats.
+type DeviceOf[T Color] struct {
 	bus             drivers.SPI
 	dcPin           machine.Pin
 	resetPin        machine.Pin
@@ -47,6 +59,7 @@ type Device struct {
 	rotation        drivers.Rotation
 	frameRate       FrameRate
 	batchLength     int32
+	batchData       pixel.Image[T] // "image" with (width, height) of (batchLength, 1)
 	isBGR           bool
 	vSyncLines      int16
 	cmdBuf          [1]byte
@@ -71,11 +84,17 @@ type Config struct {
 
 // New creates a new ST7789 connection. The SPI wire must already be configured.
 func New(bus drivers.SPI, resetPin, dcPin, csPin, blPin machine.Pin) Device {
+	return NewOf[pixel.RGB565BE](bus, resetPin, dcPin, csPin, blPin)
+}
+
+// NewOf creates a new ST7789 connection with a particular pixel format. The SPI
+// wire must already be configured.
+func NewOf[T Color](bus drivers.SPI, resetPin, dcPin, csPin, blPin machine.Pin) DeviceOf[T] {
 	dcPin.Configure(machine.PinConfig{Mode: machine.PinOutput})
 	resetPin.Configure(machine.PinConfig{Mode: machine.PinOutput})
 	csPin.Configure(machine.PinConfig{Mode: machine.PinOutput})
 	blPin.Configure(machine.PinConfig{Mode: machine.PinOutput})
-	return Device{
+	return DeviceOf[T]{
 		bus:      bus,
 		dcPin:    dcPin,
 		resetPin: resetPin,
@@ -85,7 +104,7 @@ func New(bus drivers.SPI, resetPin, dcPin, csPin, blPin machine.Pin) Device {
 }
 
 // Configure initializes the display with default configuration
-func (d *Device) Configure(cfg Config) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) Configure(cfg Config) {
 	if cfg.Width != 0 {
 		d.width = cfg.Width
 	} else {
@@ -137,7 +156,14 @@ func (d *Device) Configure(cfg Config) {
 	d.sendCommand(SLPOUT, nil) // Exit sleep mode
 
 	// Memory initialization
-	d.setColorFormat(ColorRGB565) // Set color mode to 16-bit color
+	var zeroColor T
+	switch any(zeroColor).(type) {
+	case pixel.RGB444BE:
+		d.setColorFormat(ColorRGB444) // 12 bits per pixel
+	default:
+		// Use default RGB565 color format.
+		d.setColorFormat(ColorRGB565) // 16 bits per pixel
+	}
 	time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
 
 	d.setRotation(d.rotation) // Memory orientation
@@ -189,7 +215,7 @@ func (d *Device) Configure(cfg Config) {
 // Send a command with data to the display. It does not change the chip select
 // pin (it must be low when calling). The DC pin is left high after return,
 // meaning that data can be sent right away.
-func (d *Device) sendCommand(command uint8, data []byte) error {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) sendCommand(command uint8, data []byte) error {
 	d.cmdBuf[0] = command
 	d.dcPin.Low()
 	err := d.bus.Tx(d.cmdBuf[:1], nil)
@@ -202,7 +228,7 @@ func (d *Device) sendCommand(command uint8, data []byte) error {
 
 // startWrite must be called at the beginning of all exported methods to set the
 // chip select pin low.
-func (d *Device) startWrite() {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) startWrite() {
 	if d.csPin != machine.NoPin {
 		d.csPin.Low()
 	}
@@ -210,14 +236,23 @@ func (d *Device) startWrite() {
 
 // endWrite must be called at the end of all exported methods to set the chip
 // select pin high.
-func (d *Device) endWrite() {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) endWrite() {
 	if d.csPin != machine.NoPin {
 		d.csPin.High()
 	}
 }
 
+// getBuffer returns the image buffer, that's always d.batchLength wide and 1
+// pixel high. It can be used as a temporary buffer to transmit image data.
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) getBuffer() pixel.Image[T] {
+	if d.batchData.Len() == 0 {
+		d.batchData = pixel.NewImage[T](int(d.batchLength), 1)
+	}
+	return d.batchData
+}
+
 // Sync waits for the display to hit the next VSYNC pause
-func (d *Device) Sync() {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) Sync() {
 	d.SyncToScanLine(0)
 }
 
@@ -232,7 +267,7 @@ func (d *Device) Sync() {
 // NOTE: Use GetHighestScanLine and GetLowestScanLine to obtain the highest
 // and lowest useful values. Values are affected by front and back porch
 // vsync settings (derived from VSyncLines configuration option).
-func (d *Device) SyncToScanLine(scanline uint16) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) SyncToScanLine(scanline uint16) {
 	scan := d.GetScanLine()
 
 	// Sometimes GetScanLine returns erroneous 0 on first call after draw, so double check
@@ -262,7 +297,7 @@ func (d *Device) SyncToScanLine(scanline uint16) {
 }
 
 // GetScanLine reads the current scanline value from the display
-func (d *Device) GetScanLine() uint16 {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) GetScanLine() uint16 {
 	d.startWrite()
 	data := []uint8{0x00, 0x00}
 	d.dcPin.Low()
@@ -277,24 +312,24 @@ func (d *Device) GetScanLine() uint16 {
 }
 
 // GetHighestScanLine calculates the last scanline id in the frame before VSYNC pause
-func (d *Device) GetHighestScanLine() uint16 {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) GetHighestScanLine() uint16 {
 	// Last scanline id appears to be backporch/2 + 320/2
 	return uint16(math.Ceil(float64(d.vSyncLines)/2)/2) + 160
 }
 
 // GetLowestScanLine calculate the first scanline id to appear after VSYNC pause
-func (d *Device) GetLowestScanLine() uint16 {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) GetLowestScanLine() uint16 {
 	// First scanline id appears to be backporch/2 + 1
 	return uint16(math.Ceil(float64(d.vSyncLines)/2)/2) + 1
 }
 
 // Display does nothing, there's no buffer as it might be too big for some boards
-func (d *Device) Display() error {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) Display() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
 // SetPixel sets a pixel in the screen
-func (d *Device) SetPixel(x int16, y int16, c color.RGBA) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) SetPixel(x int16, y int16, c color.RGBA) {
 	if x < 0 || y < 0 ||
 		(((d.rotation == drivers.Rotation0 || d.rotation == drivers.Rotation180) && (x >= d.width || y >= d.height)) ||
 			((d.rotation == drivers.Rotation90 || d.rotation == drivers.Rotation270) && (x >= d.height || y >= d.width))) {
@@ -304,7 +339,7 @@ func (d *Device) SetPixel(x int16, y int16, c color.RGBA) {
 }
 
 // setWindow prepares the screen to be modified at a given rectangle
-func (d *Device) setWindow(x, y, w, h int16) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) setWindow(x, y, w, h int16) {
 	x += d.columnOffset
 	y += d.rowOffset
 	copy(d.buf[:4], []uint8{uint8(x >> 8), uint8(x), uint8((x + w - 1) >> 8), uint8(x + w - 1)})
@@ -315,45 +350,41 @@ func (d *Device) setWindow(x, y, w, h int16) {
 }
 
 // FillRectangle fills a rectangle at a given coordinates with a color
-func (d *Device) FillRectangle(x, y, width, height int16, c color.RGBA) error {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) FillRectangle(x, y, width, height int16, c color.RGBA) error {
 	d.startWrite()
 	err := d.fillRectangle(x, y, width, height, c)
 	d.endWrite()
 	return err
 }
 
-func (d *Device) fillRectangle(x, y, width, height int16, c color.RGBA) error {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) fillRectangle(x, y, width, height int16, c color.RGBA) error {
 	k, i := d.Size()
 	if x < 0 || y < 0 || width <= 0 || height <= 0 ||
 		x >= k || (x+width) > k || y >= i || (y+height) > i {
 		return errors.New("rectangle coordinates outside display area")
 	}
 	d.setWindow(x, y, width, height)
-	c565 := RGBATo565(c)
-	c1 := uint8(c565 >> 8)
-	c2 := uint8(c565)
 
-	data := make([]uint8, d.batchLength*2)
+	image := d.getBuffer()
-	for i := int32(0); i < d.batchLength; i++ {
+	image.FillSolidColor(pixel.NewColor[T](c.R, c.G, c.B))
-		data[i*2] = c1
+	j := int(width) * int(height)
-		data[i*2+1] = c2
-	}
-	j := int32(width) * int32(height)
 	for j > 0 {
 		// The DC pin is already set to data in the setWindow call, so we can
 		// just write bytes on the SPI bus.
-		if j >= d.batchLength {
+		if j >= image.Len() {
-			d.bus.Tx(data, nil)
+			d.bus.Tx(image.RawBuffer(), nil)
 		} else {
-			d.bus.Tx(data[:j*2], nil)
+			d.bus.Tx(image.Rescale(j, 1).RawBuffer(), nil)
 		}
-		j -= d.batchLength
+		j -= image.Len()
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
 // DrawRGBBitmap8 copies an RGB bitmap to the internal buffer at given coordinates
-func (d *Device) DrawRGBBitmap8(x, y int16, data []uint8, w, h int16) error {
+//
+// Deprecated: use DrawBitmap instead.
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) DrawRGBBitmap8(x, y int16, data []uint8, w, h int16) error {
 	k, i := d.Size()
 	if x < 0 || y < 0 || w <= 0 || h <= 0 ||
 		x >= k || (x+w) > k || y >= i || (y+h) > i {
@@ -366,8 +397,15 @@ func (d *Device) DrawRGBBitmap8(x, y int16, data []uint8, w, h int16) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// DrawBitmap copies the bitmap to the internal buffer on the screen at the
+// given coordinates. It returns once the image data has been sent completely.
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) DrawBitmap(x, y int16, bitmap pixel.Image[T]) error {
+	width, height := bitmap.Size()
+	return d.DrawRGBBitmap8(x, y, bitmap.RawBuffer(), int16(width), int16(height))
+}
+
 // FillRectangleWithBuffer fills buffer with a rectangle at a given coordinates.
-func (d *Device) FillRectangleWithBuffer(x, y, width, height int16, buffer []color.RGBA) error {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) FillRectangleWithBuffer(x, y, width, height int16, buffer []color.RGBA) error {
 	i, j := d.Size()
 	if x < 0 || y < 0 || width <= 0 || height <= 0 ||
 		x >= i || (x+width) > i || y >= j || (y+height) > j {
@@ -379,35 +417,32 @@ func (d *Device) FillRectangleWithBuffer(x, y, width, height int16, buffer []col
 	d.startWrite()
 	d.setWindow(x, y, width, height)
 
-	k := int32(width) * int32(height)
+	k := int(width) * int(height)
-	data := make([]uint8, d.batchLength*2)
+	image := d.getBuffer()
-	offset := int32(0)
+	offset := 0
 	for k > 0 {
-		for i := int32(0); i < d.batchLength; i++ {
+		for i := 0; i < image.Len(); i++ {
-			if offset+i < int32(len(buffer)) {
+			if offset+i < len(buffer) {
-				c565 := RGBATo565(buffer[offset+i])
+				c := buffer[offset+i]
-				c1 := uint8(c565 >> 8)
+				image.Set(i, 0, pixel.NewColor[T](c.R, c.G, c.B))
-				c2 := uint8(c565)
-				data[i*2] = c1
-				data[i*2+1] = c2
 			}
 		}
 		// The DC pin is already set to data in the setWindow call, so we don't
 		// have to set it here.
-		if k >= d.batchLength {
+		if k >= image.Len() {
-			d.bus.Tx(data, nil)
+			d.bus.Tx(image.RawBuffer(), nil)
 		} else {
-			d.bus.Tx(data[:k*2], nil)
+			d.bus.Tx(image.Rescale(k, 1).RawBuffer(), nil)
 		}
-		k -= d.batchLength
+		k -= image.Len()
-		offset += d.batchLength
+		offset += image.Len()
 	}
 	d.endWrite()
 	return nil
 }
 
 // DrawFastVLine draws a vertical line faster than using SetPixel
-func (d *Device) DrawFastVLine(x, y0, y1 int16, c color.RGBA) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) DrawFastVLine(x, y0, y1 int16, c color.RGBA) {
 	if y0 > y1 {
 		y0, y1 = y1, y0
 	}
@@ -415,7 +450,7 @@ func (d *Device) DrawFastVLine(x, y0, y1 int16, c color.RGBA) {
 }
 
 // DrawFastHLine draws a horizontal line faster than using SetPixel
-func (d *Device) DrawFastHLine(x0, x1, y int16, c color.RGBA) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) DrawFastHLine(x0, x1, y int16, c color.RGBA) {
 	if x0 > x1 {
 		x0, x1 = x1, x0
 	}
@@ -423,13 +458,13 @@ func (d *Device) DrawFastHLine(x0, x1, y int16, c color.RGBA) {
 }
 
 // FillScreen fills the screen with a given color
-func (d *Device) FillScreen(c color.RGBA) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) FillScreen(c color.RGBA) {
 	d.startWrite()
 	d.fillScreen(c)
 	d.endWrite()
 }
 
-func (d *Device) fillScreen(c color.RGBA) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) fillScreen(c color.RGBA) {
 	if d.rotation == NO_ROTATION || d.rotation == ROTATION_180 {
 		d.fillRectangle(0, 0, d.width, d.height, c)
 	} else {
@@ -441,13 +476,13 @@ func (d *Device) fillScreen(c color.RGBA) {
 // The default is RGB565, setting it to any other value will break functions
 // like SetPixel, FillRectangle, etc. Instead, you can write color data in the
 // specified color format using DrawRGBBitmap8.
-func (d *Device) SetColorFormat(format ColorFormat) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) SetColorFormat(format ColorFormat) {
 	d.startWrite()
 	d.setColorFormat(format)
 	d.endWrite()
 }
 
-func (d *Device) setColorFormat(format ColorFormat) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) setColorFormat(format ColorFormat) {
 	// Lower 4 bits set the color format used in SPI.
 	// Upper 4 bits set the color format used in the direct RGB interface.
 	// The RGB interface is not currently supported, so it is left at a
@@ -457,12 +492,12 @@ func (d *Device) setColorFormat(format ColorFormat) {
 }
 
 // Rotation returns the current rotation of the device.
-func (d *Device) Rotation() drivers.Rotation {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) Rotation() drivers.Rotation {
 	return d.rotation
 }
 
 // SetRotation changes the rotation of the device (clock-wise)
-func (d *Device) SetRotation(rotation Rotation) error {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) SetRotation(rotation Rotation) error {
 	d.rotation = rotation
 	d.startWrite()
 	err := d.setRotation(rotation)
@@ -470,7 +505,7 @@ func (d *Device) SetRotation(rotation Rotation) error {
 	return err
 }
 
-func (d *Device) setRotation(rotation Rotation) error {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) setRotation(rotation Rotation) error {
 	madctl := uint8(0)
 	switch rotation % 4 {
 	case drivers.Rotation0:
@@ -496,7 +531,7 @@ func (d *Device) setRotation(rotation Rotation) error {
 }
 
 // Size returns the current size of the display.
-func (d *Device) Size() (w, h int16) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) Size() (w, h int16) {
 	if d.rotation == drivers.Rotation0 || d.rotation == drivers.Rotation180 {
 		return d.width, d.height
 	}
@@ -504,7 +539,7 @@ func (d *Device) Size() (w, h int16) {
 }
 
 // EnableBacklight enables or disables the backlight
-func (d *Device) EnableBacklight(enable bool) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) EnableBacklight(enable bool) {
 	if enable {
 		d.blPin.High()
 	} else {
@@ -515,7 +550,7 @@ func (d *Device) EnableBacklight(enable bool) {
 // Set the sleep mode for this LCD panel. When sleeping, the panel uses a lot
 // less power. The LCD won't display an image anymore, but the memory contents
 // will be kept.
-func (d *Device) Sleep(sleepEnabled bool) error {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) Sleep(sleepEnabled bool) error {
 	if sleepEnabled {
 		d.startWrite()
 		d.sendCommand(SLPIN, nil)
@@ -537,7 +572,7 @@ func (d *Device) Sleep(sleepEnabled bool) error {
 }
 
 // InvertColors inverts the colors of the screen
-func (d *Device) InvertColors(invert bool) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) InvertColors(invert bool) {
 	d.startWrite()
 	if invert {
 		d.sendCommand(INVON, nil)
@@ -548,12 +583,12 @@ func (d *Device) InvertColors(invert bool) {
 }
 
 // IsBGR changes the color mode (RGB/BGR)
-func (d *Device) IsBGR(bgr bool) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) IsBGR(bgr bool) {
 	d.isBGR = bgr
 }
 
 // SetScrollArea sets an area to scroll with fixed top and bottom parts of the display.
-func (d *Device) SetScrollArea(topFixedArea, bottomFixedArea int16) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) SetScrollArea(topFixedArea, bottomFixedArea int16) {
 	if d.height < 320 {
 		// The screen doesn't use the full 320 pixel height.
 		// Enlarge the bottom fixed area to fill the 320 pixel height, so that
@@ -577,7 +612,7 @@ func (d *Device) SetScrollArea(topFixedArea, bottomFixedArea int16) {
 }
 
 // SetScroll sets the vertical scroll address of the display.
-func (d *Device) SetScroll(line int16) {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) SetScroll(line int16) {
 	if d.rotation == drivers.Rotation180 {
 		// The screen is rotated by 180°, so we have to invert the scroll line
 		// (taking care of the RowOffset).
@@ -591,16 +626,8 @@ func (d *Device) SetScroll(line int16) {
 }
 
 // StopScroll returns the display to its normal state.
-func (d *Device) StopScroll() {
+func (d *DeviceOf[T]) StopScroll() {
 	d.startWrite()
 	d.sendCommand(NORON, nil)
 	d.endWrite()
 }
-
-// RGBATo565 converts a color.RGBA to uint16 used in the display
-func RGBATo565(c color.RGBA) uint16 {
-	r, g, b, _ := c.RGBA()
-	return uint16((r & 0xF800) +
-		((g & 0xFC00) >> 5) +
-		((b & 0xF800) >> 11))
-}

waveshare-epd/epd2in13/epd2in13.go

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ import (
 type Config struct {
 	Width        int16 // Width is the display resolution
 	Height       int16
-	LogicalWidth int16    // LogicalWidth must be a multiple of 8 and same size or bigger than Width
+	LogicalWidth int16 // LogicalWidth must be a multiple of 8 and same size or bigger than Width
-	Rotation     Rotation // Rotation is clock-wise
+	Rotation     drivers.Rotation
 }
 
 type Device struct {
@@ -30,10 +30,11 @@ type Device struct {
 	height       int16
 	buffer       []uint8
 	bufferLength uint32
-	rotation     Rotation
+	rotation     drivers.Rotation
 }
 
-type Rotation uint8
+// Deprecated: use drivers.Rotation instead.
+type Rotation = drivers.Rotation
 
 // Look up table for full updates
 var lutFullUpdate = [30]uint8{
@@ -130,6 +131,17 @@ func (d *Device) DeepSleep() {
 	d.WaitUntilIdle()
 }
 
+// Set the sleep mode of the panel. The display will still show its contents,
+// but will go into a lower-power state.
+func (d *Device) Sleep(sleepEnabled bool) error {
+	if sleepEnabled {
+		d.DeepSleep()
+	} else {
+		d.Reset()
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // SendCommand sends a command to the display
 func (d *Device) SendCommand(command uint8) {
 	d.sendDataCommand(true, command)
@@ -167,18 +179,22 @@ func (d *Device) SetLUT(fullUpdate bool) {
 }
 
 // SetPixel modifies the internal buffer in a single pixel.
-// The display have 2 colors: black and white
+// The display have 2 colors: black and white. We use a very simple cutoff to
-// We use RGBA(0,0,0, 255) as white (transparent)
+// determine whether a pixel is black or white (darker colors are black, lighter
-// Anything else as black
+// colors are white).
 func (d *Device) SetPixel(x int16, y int16, c color.RGBA) {
 	x, y = d.xy(x, y)
 	if x < 0 || x >= d.logicalWidth || y < 0 || y >= d.height {
 		return
 	}
 	byteIndex := (x + y*d.logicalWidth) / 8
-	if c.R == 0 && c.G == 0 && c.B == 0 { // TRANSPARENT / WHITE
+	// Very simle black/white split.
+	// This isn't very accurate (especially for sRGB colors) but is close enough
+	// to the truth that it probably doesn't matter much - especially on an
+	// e-paper display.
+	if int(c.R)+int(c.G)+int(c.B) > 128*3 { // light, convert to white
 		d.buffer[byteIndex] |= 0x80 >> uint8(x%8)
-	} else { // WHITE / EMPTY
+	} else { // dark, convert to black
 		d.buffer[byteIndex] &^= 0x80 >> uint8(x%8)
 	}
 }
@@ -209,13 +225,13 @@ func (d *Device) DisplayRect(x int16, y int16, width int16, height int16) error
 	if x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= d.logicalWidth || y >= d.height || width < 0 || height < 0 {
 		return errors.New("wrong rectangle")
 	}
-	if d.rotation == ROTATION_90 {
+	if d.rotation == drivers.Rotation90 {
 		width, height = height, width
 		x -= width
-	} else if d.rotation == ROTATION_180 {
+	} else if d.rotation == drivers.Rotation180 {
 		x -= width - 1
 		y -= height - 1
-	} else if d.rotation == ROTATION_270 {
+	} else if d.rotation == drivers.Rotation270 {
 		width, height = height, width
 		y -= height
 	}
@@ -301,27 +317,33 @@ func (d *Device) ClearBuffer() {
 
 // Size returns the current size of the display.
 func (d *Device) Size() (w, h int16) {
-	if d.rotation == ROTATION_90 || d.rotation == ROTATION_270 {
+	if d.rotation == drivers.Rotation90 || d.rotation == drivers.Rotation270 {
 		return d.height, d.logicalWidth
 	}
 	return d.logicalWidth, d.height
 }
 
-// SetRotation changes the rotation (clock-wise) of the device
+// Rotation returns the current rotation of the device.
-func (d *Device) SetRotation(rotation Rotation) {
+func (d *Device) Rotation() drivers.Rotation {
+	return d.rotation
+}
+
+// SetRotation changes the rotation of the device.
+func (d *Device) SetRotation(rotation drivers.Rotation) error {
 	d.rotation = rotation
+	return nil
 }
 
 // xy chages the coordinates according to the rotation
 func (d *Device) xy(x, y int16) (int16, int16) {
 	switch d.rotation {
-	case NO_ROTATION:
+	case drivers.Rotation0:
 		return x, y
-	case ROTATION_90:
+	case drivers.Rotation90:
 		return d.width - y - 1, x
-	case ROTATION_180:
+	case drivers.Rotation180:
 		return d.width - x - 1, d.height - y - 1
-	case ROTATION_270:
+	case drivers.Rotation270:
 		return y, d.height - x - 1
 	}
 	return x, y

waveshare-epd/epd2in13/registers.go

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 package epd2in13
 
+import "tinygo.org/x/drivers"
+
 // Registers
 const (
 	DRIVER_OUTPUT_CONTROL                = 0x01
@@ -24,8 +26,8 @@ const (
 	SET_RAM_Y_ADDRESS_COUNTER            = 0x4F
 	TERMINATE_FRAME_READ_WRITE           = 0xFF
 
-	NO_ROTATION  Rotation = 0
+	NO_ROTATION  = drivers.Rotation0
-	ROTATION_90  Rotation = 1 // 90 degrees clock-wise rotation
+	ROTATION_90  = drivers.Rotation90 // 90 degrees clock-wise rotation
-	ROTATION_180 Rotation = 2
+	ROTATION_180 = drivers.Rotation180
-	ROTATION_270 Rotation = 3
+	ROTATION_270 = drivers.Rotation270
 )

ws2812/gen-ws2812.go

@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ func writeGoWrapper(f *os.File, arch string, megahertz int) error {
 	fmt.Fprintf(buf, "	portClear, maskClear := d.Pin.PortMaskClear()\n")
 	fmt.Fprintf(buf, "\n")
 	fmt.Fprintf(buf, "	mask := interrupt.Disable()\n")
-	fmt.Fprintf(buf, "	C.ws2812_writeByte%d(C.char(c), (*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(portSet)), (*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(portClear)), maskSet, maskClear)\n", megahertz)
+	fmt.Fprintf(buf, "	C.ws2812_writeByte%d(C.char(c), (*C.uint32_t)(unsafe.Pointer(portSet)), (*C.uint32_t)(unsafe.Pointer(portClear)), C.uint32_t(maskSet), C.uint32_t(maskClear))\n", megahertz)
 	buf.WriteString(`
 	interrupt.Restore(mask)
 }

ws2812/ws2812-asm_cortexm.go

@@ -1328,7 +1328,7 @@ func (d Device) writeByte16(c byte) {
 	portClear, maskClear := d.Pin.PortMaskClear()
 
 	mask := interrupt.Disable()
-	C.ws2812_writeByte16(C.char(c), (*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(portSet)), (*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(portClear)), maskSet, maskClear)
+	C.ws2812_writeByte16(C.char(c), (*C.uint32_t)(unsafe.Pointer(portSet)), (*C.uint32_t)(unsafe.Pointer(portClear)), C.uint32_t(maskSet), C.uint32_t(maskClear))
 
 	interrupt.Restore(mask)
 }
@@ -1338,7 +1338,7 @@ func (d Device) writeByte48(c byte) {
 	portClear, maskClear := d.Pin.PortMaskClear()
 
 	mask := interrupt.Disable()
-	C.ws2812_writeByte48(C.char(c), (*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(portSet)), (*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(portClear)), maskSet, maskClear)
+	C.ws2812_writeByte48(C.char(c), (*C.uint32_t)(unsafe.Pointer(portSet)), (*C.uint32_t)(unsafe.Pointer(portClear)), C.uint32_t(maskSet), C.uint32_t(maskClear))
 
 	interrupt.Restore(mask)
 }
@@ -1348,7 +1348,7 @@ func (d Device) writeByte64(c byte) {
 	portClear, maskClear := d.Pin.PortMaskClear()
 
 	mask := interrupt.Disable()
-	C.ws2812_writeByte64(C.char(c), (*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(portSet)), (*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(portClear)), maskSet, maskClear)
+	C.ws2812_writeByte64(C.char(c), (*C.uint32_t)(unsafe.Pointer(portSet)), (*C.uint32_t)(unsafe.Pointer(portClear)), C.uint32_t(maskSet), C.uint32_t(maskClear))
 
 	interrupt.Restore(mask)
 }
@@ -1358,7 +1358,7 @@ func (d Device) writeByte120(c byte) {
 	portClear, maskClear := d.Pin.PortMaskClear()
 
 	mask := interrupt.Disable()
-	C.ws2812_writeByte120(C.char(c), (*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(portSet)), (*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(portClear)), maskSet, maskClear)
+	C.ws2812_writeByte120(C.char(c), (*C.uint32_t)(unsafe.Pointer(portSet)), (*C.uint32_t)(unsafe.Pointer(portClear)), C.uint32_t(maskSet), C.uint32_t(maskClear))
 
 	interrupt.Restore(mask)
 }
@@ -1368,7 +1368,7 @@ func (d Device) writeByte125(c byte) {
 	portClear, maskClear := d.Pin.PortMaskClear()
 
 	mask := interrupt.Disable()
-	C.ws2812_writeByte125(C.char(c), (*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(portSet)), (*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(portClear)), maskSet, maskClear)
+	C.ws2812_writeByte125(C.char(c), (*C.uint32_t)(unsafe.Pointer(portSet)), (*C.uint32_t)(unsafe.Pointer(portClear)), C.uint32_t(maskSet), C.uint32_t(maskClear))
 
 	interrupt.Restore(mask)
 }
@@ -1378,7 +1378,7 @@ func (d Device) writeByte168(c byte) {
 	portClear, maskClear := d.Pin.PortMaskClear()
 
 	mask := interrupt.Disable()
-	C.ws2812_writeByte168(C.char(c), (*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(portSet)), (*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(portClear)), maskSet, maskClear)
+	C.ws2812_writeByte168(C.char(c), (*C.uint32_t)(unsafe.Pointer(portSet)), (*C.uint32_t)(unsafe.Pointer(portClear)), C.uint32_t(maskSet), C.uint32_t(maskClear))
 
 	interrupt.Restore(mask)
 }

ws2812/ws2812-asm_tinygoriscv.go

@@ -1114,7 +1114,7 @@ func (d Device) writeByte160(c byte) {
 	portClear, maskClear := d.Pin.PortMaskClear()
 
 	mask := interrupt.Disable()
-	C.ws2812_writeByte160(C.char(c), (*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(portSet)), (*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(portClear)), maskSet, maskClear)
+	C.ws2812_writeByte160(C.char(c), (*C.uint32_t)(unsafe.Pointer(portSet)), (*C.uint32_t)(unsafe.Pointer(portClear)), C.uint32_t(maskSet), C.uint32_t(maskClear))
 
 	interrupt.Restore(mask)
 }
@@ -1124,7 +1124,7 @@ func (d Device) writeByte320(c byte) {
 	portClear, maskClear := d.Pin.PortMaskClear()
 
 	mask := interrupt.Disable()
-	C.ws2812_writeByte320(C.char(c), (*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(portSet)), (*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(portClear)), maskSet, maskClear)
+	C.ws2812_writeByte320(C.char(c), (*C.uint32_t)(unsafe.Pointer(portSet)), (*C.uint32_t)(unsafe.Pointer(portClear)), C.uint32_t(maskSet), C.uint32_t(maskClear))
 
 	interrupt.Restore(mask)
 }

ws2812/ws2812_avr.go

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ func (d Device) WriteByte(c byte) error {
 
 	switch machine.CPUFrequency() {
 	case 16e6: // 16MHz
-		C.ws2812_writeByte16(C.char(c), (*uint8)(unsafe.Pointer(port)), maskSet, maskClear)
+		C.ws2812_writeByte16(C.char(c), (*C.uint8_t)(unsafe.Pointer(port)), C.uint8_t(maskSet), C.uint8_t(maskClear))
 		interrupt.Restore(mask)
 		return nil
 	default: