compiler, runtime: make runtime panics recoverable

Emit fault checkpoints around compiler-generated runtime assertions so
runtimePanicAt can unwind through the existing defer/recover machinery
instead of aborting. This lets panics from bounds checks, type checks,
and other compiler-inserted runtime checks be recovered by deferred
functions.

Mark functions that call recover as noinline. Inlining such a function
into a deferred closure can make recover observe the wrong call context
and report success when it should return nil.

Addresses tinygo-org/tinygo issues 2759 and 3510.

testdata/recover.txt

@@ -28,5 +28,19 @@ recovered: panic 2
 defer panic
 recovered from deferred call: deferred panic
 
+# indirect recover
+indirect recover returned: indirect panic
+
 # runtime.Goexit
 Goexit deferred function, recover is nil: true
+
+# repanic
+inner, repanicking
+outer recovered: repanic value
+
+# recover runtime errors
+  recovered: index
+  recovered: index from helper
+  recovered: slice
+  recovered: type assert
+  recovered: empty interface type assert