compiler, runtime: make runtime panics recoverable

Emit fault checkpoints around compiler-generated runtime assertions so
runtimePanicAt can unwind through the existing defer/recover machinery
instead of aborting. This lets panics from bounds checks, type checks,
and other compiler-inserted runtime checks be recovered by deferred
functions.

Mark functions that call recover as noinline. Inlining such a function
into a deferred closure can make recover observe the wrong call context
and report success when it should return nil.

Addresses tinygo-org/tinygo issues 2759 and 3510.

compiler/asserts.go

@@ -252,6 +252,9 @@ func (b *builder) createRuntimeAssert(assert llvm.Value, blockPrefix, assertFunc
 
 	// Fail: the assert triggered so panic.
 	b.SetInsertPointAtEnd(faultBlock)
+	if b.hasDeferFrame() {
+		b.createFaultCheckpoint()
+	}
 	b.createRuntimeCall(assertFunc, nil, "")
 	b.CreateUnreachable()