machine/esp32s3,esp32c3: add txStalled flag to skip USB serial spin when no host

When no USB host is reading, flushAndWait() spins 50K iterations per
FIFO-full event. With putchar calling WriteByte per byte, the cumulative
delay starves I2C and other peripherals, freezing displays.

Add a txStalled flag: the first FIFO-full triggers one flushAndWait
attempt. If it fails (no host), txStalled is set and all subsequent
writes return immediately with no spin — just a register read and a
bool check. When a host reconnects, SERIAL_IN_EP_DATA_FREE goes back
to 1, bypassing the stall path and clearing the flag automatically.

src/machine/machine_esp32c3_usb.go

@@ -19,15 +19,11 @@ import (
 
 const cpuInterruptFromUSB = 10
 
-// flushTimeout is the maximum number of busy-wait iterations in flush().
-// Must be long enough for 2-3 USB frames (~3ms at 160MHz) so data gets
-// through when a host is connected, but short enough that println doesn't
-// freeze the application when no host is reading.
-const flushTimeout = 50000
-
 type USB_DEVICE struct {
-	Bus    *esp.USB_DEVICE_Type
+	Bus       *esp.USB_DEVICE_Type
-	Buffer *RingBuffer
+	Buffer    *RingBuffer
+	txPending bool // unflushed data in the EP1 TX FIFO
+	txStalled bool // set when flushAndWait fails (no host reading); cleared when FIFO becomes writable
 }
 
 var (
@@ -147,19 +143,36 @@ func (usbdev *USB_DEVICE) handleInterrupt() {
 func (usbdev *USB_DEVICE) WriteByte(c byte) error {
 	usbdev.ensureConfigured()
 	if usbdev.Bus.GetEP1_CONF_SERIAL_IN_EP_DATA_FREE() == 0 {
-		// FIFO not writable — try a short flush to nudge the hardware
+		// FIFO locked by a pending USB transfer.
-		// (e.g. after reset the FIFO may need WR_DONE to transition).
+		if usbdev.txStalled {
-		usbdev.flush()
+			// Previously failed — skip the expensive spin and drop
-		if usbdev.Bus.GetEP1_CONF_SERIAL_IN_EP_DATA_FREE() == 0 {
+			// the byte. When a host reconnects SERIAL_IN_EP_DATA_FREE
+			// goes back to 1, clearing the stall on the next call.
+			return errUSBCouldNotWriteAllData
+		}
+		// First time the FIFO is full: wait briefly for the host to
+		// read the previous packet.
+		if !usbdev.flushAndWait() {
+			usbdev.txStalled = true
 			return errUSBCouldNotWriteAllData
 		}
 	}
+	usbdev.txStalled = false
 
 	// Use EP1.Set() (direct store) instead of SetEP1_RDWR_BYTE which
 	// does a read-modify-write — the read side-effect pops a byte from
 	// the RX FIFO.
 	usbdev.Bus.EP1.Set(uint32(c))
-	usbdev.flush()
+
+	// Only signal WR_DONE on newline to batch bytes into a single USB
+	// packet. The FIFO-full path above also flushes when the 64-byte
+	// FIFO fills up.
+	if c == '\n' {
+		usbdev.flush()
+		usbdev.txPending = false
+	} else {
+		usbdev.txPending = true
+	}
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -172,23 +185,32 @@ func (usbdev *USB_DEVICE) Write(data []byte) (n int, err error) {
 
 	for i, c := range data {
 		if usbdev.Bus.GetEP1_CONF_SERIAL_IN_EP_DATA_FREE() == 0 {
-			if i > 0 {
+			if usbdev.txStalled {
-				usbdev.flush()
+				return i, errUSBCouldNotWriteAllData
 			}
-			if usbdev.Bus.GetEP1_CONF_SERIAL_IN_EP_DATA_FREE() == 0 {
+			if !usbdev.flushAndWait() {
+				usbdev.txStalled = true
 				return i, errUSBCouldNotWriteAllData
 			}
 		}
+		usbdev.txStalled = false
 		usbdev.Bus.EP1.Set(uint32(c))
 	}
 
 	usbdev.flush()
+	usbdev.txPending = false
 	return len(data), nil
 }
 
 // Buffered returns the number of bytes waiting in the receive ring buffer.
 func (usbdev *USB_DEVICE) Buffered() int {
 	usbdev.ensureConfigured()
+	// Flush any pending TX data so callers like echo loops don't
+	// need to explicitly flush after WriteByte.
+	if usbdev.txPending {
+		usbdev.flush()
+		usbdev.txPending = false
+	}
 	return int(usbdev.Buffer.Used())
 }
 
@@ -209,16 +231,34 @@ func (usbdev *USB_DEVICE) RTS() bool {
 	return false
 }
 
-// flush signals WR_DONE and briefly waits for the hardware to accept more
+// flush signals WR_DONE to tell the hardware to send the data that has
-// data. The timeout is intentionally short so that serial output never
+// been written to the EP1 FIFO. Returns immediately without waiting.
-// stalls the application when no USB host is reading.
 func (usbdev *USB_DEVICE) flush() {
 	usbdev.Bus.SetEP1_CONF_WR_DONE(1)
-	for i := 0; i < flushTimeout; i++ {
+}
+
+// FlushSerial flushes any pending USB serial TX data. Called from the
+// runtime (e.g. before sleeping) to ensure data from print() without
+// a trailing newline gets sent promptly.
+func FlushSerial() {
+	if _USBCDC.txPending {
+		_USBCDC.flush()
+		_USBCDC.txPending = false
+	}
+}
+
+// flushAndWait signals WR_DONE and waits for the EP1 FIFO to become
+// writable again. The timeout covers a few USB frames so that data gets
+// through when a host is connected. Returns false if the FIFO is still
+// locked after the timeout (no host reading).
+func (usbdev *USB_DEVICE) flushAndWait() bool {
+	usbdev.Bus.SetEP1_CONF_WR_DONE(1)
+	for i := 0; i < 50000; i++ {
 		if usbdev.Bus.GetEP1_CONF_SERIAL_IN_EP_DATA_FREE() != 0 {
-			return
+			return true
 		}
 	}
+	return false
 }
 
 // The ESP32-C3 USB Serial/JTAG controller is fixed-function hardware.

src/machine/machine_esp32xx_usb.go

@@ -19,15 +19,11 @@ import (
 
 const cpuInterruptFromUSB = 8
 
-// flushTimeout is the maximum number of busy-wait iterations in flush().
-// Must be long enough for 2-3 USB frames (~3ms at 240MHz) so data gets
-// through when a host is connected, but short enough that println doesn't
-// freeze the application when no host is reading.
-const flushTimeout = 50000
-
 type USB_DEVICE struct {
-	Bus    *esp.USB_DEVICE_Type
+	Bus       *esp.USB_DEVICE_Type
-	Buffer *RingBuffer
+	Buffer    *RingBuffer
+	txPending bool // unflushed data in the EP1 TX FIFO
+	txStalled bool // set when flushAndWait fails (no host reading); cleared when FIFO becomes writable
 }
 
 var (
@@ -125,19 +121,36 @@ func (usbdev *USB_DEVICE) handleInterrupt() {
 func (usbdev *USB_DEVICE) WriteByte(c byte) error {
 	usbdev.ensureConfigured()
 	if usbdev.Bus.GetEP1_CONF_SERIAL_IN_EP_DATA_FREE() == 0 {
-		// FIFO not writable — try a short flush to nudge the hardware
+		// FIFO locked by a pending USB transfer.
-		// (e.g. after reset the FIFO may need WR_DONE to transition).
+		if usbdev.txStalled {
-		usbdev.flush()
+			// Previously failed — skip the expensive spin and drop
-		if usbdev.Bus.GetEP1_CONF_SERIAL_IN_EP_DATA_FREE() == 0 {
+			// the byte. When a host reconnects SERIAL_IN_EP_DATA_FREE
+			// goes back to 1, clearing the stall on the next call.
+			return errUSBCouldNotWriteAllData
+		}
+		// First time the FIFO is full: wait briefly for the host to
+		// read the previous packet.
+		if !usbdev.flushAndWait() {
+			usbdev.txStalled = true
 			return errUSBCouldNotWriteAllData
 		}
 	}
+	usbdev.txStalled = false
 
 	// Use EP1.Set() (direct store) instead of SetEP1_RDWR_BYTE which
 	// does a read-modify-write — the read side-effect pops a byte from
 	// the RX FIFO.
 	usbdev.Bus.EP1.Set(uint32(c))
-	usbdev.flush()
+
+	// Only signal WR_DONE on newline to batch bytes into a single USB
+	// packet. The FIFO-full path above also flushes when the 64-byte
+	// FIFO fills up.
+	if c == '\n' {
+		usbdev.flush()
+		usbdev.txPending = false
+	} else {
+		usbdev.txPending = true
+	}
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -150,17 +163,20 @@ func (usbdev *USB_DEVICE) Write(data []byte) (n int, err error) {
 
 	for i, c := range data {
 		if usbdev.Bus.GetEP1_CONF_SERIAL_IN_EP_DATA_FREE() == 0 {
-			if i > 0 {
+			if usbdev.txStalled {
-				usbdev.flush()
+				return i, errUSBCouldNotWriteAllData
 			}
-			if usbdev.Bus.GetEP1_CONF_SERIAL_IN_EP_DATA_FREE() == 0 {
+			if !usbdev.flushAndWait() {
+				usbdev.txStalled = true
 				return i, errUSBCouldNotWriteAllData
 			}
 		}
+		usbdev.txStalled = false
 		usbdev.Bus.EP1.Set(uint32(c))
 	}
 
 	usbdev.flush()
+	usbdev.txPending = false
 	return len(data), nil
 }
 
@@ -170,6 +186,12 @@ func (usbdev *USB_DEVICE) Write(data []byte) (n int, err error) {
 // level-triggered interrupt storm).
 func (usbdev *USB_DEVICE) Buffered() int {
 	usbdev.ensureConfigured()
+	// Flush any pending TX data so callers like echo loops don't
+	// need to explicitly flush after WriteByte.
+	if usbdev.txPending {
+		usbdev.flush()
+		usbdev.txPending = false
+	}
 	// Drain the hardware FIFO into the ring buffer.
 	for usbdev.Bus.GetEP1_CONF_SERIAL_OUT_EP_DATA_AVAIL() != 0 {
 		b := byte(usbdev.Bus.EP1.Get())
@@ -198,16 +220,34 @@ func (usbdev *USB_DEVICE) RTS() bool {
 	return false
 }
 
-// flush signals WR_DONE and briefly waits for the hardware to accept more
+// flush signals WR_DONE to tell the hardware to send the data that has
-// data. The timeout is intentionally short so that serial output never
+// been written to the EP1 FIFO. Returns immediately without waiting.
-// stalls the application when no USB host is reading.
 func (usbdev *USB_DEVICE) flush() {
 	usbdev.Bus.SetEP1_CONF_WR_DONE(1)
-	for i := 0; i < flushTimeout; i++ {
+}
+
+// FlushSerial flushes any pending USB serial TX data. Called from the
+// runtime (e.g. before sleeping) to ensure data from print() without
+// a trailing newline gets sent promptly.
+func FlushSerial() {
+	if _USBCDC.txPending {
+		_USBCDC.flush()
+		_USBCDC.txPending = false
+	}
+}
+
+// flushAndWait signals WR_DONE and waits for the EP1 FIFO to become
+// writable again. The timeout covers a few USB frames so that data gets
+// through when a host is connected. Returns false if the FIFO is still
+// locked after the timeout (no host reading).
+func (usbdev *USB_DEVICE) flushAndWait() bool {
+	usbdev.Bus.SetEP1_CONF_WR_DONE(1)
+	for i := 0; i < 50000; i++ {
 		if usbdev.Bus.GetEP1_CONF_SERIAL_IN_EP_DATA_FREE() != 0 {
-			return
+			return true
 		}
 	}
+	return false
 }
 
 // The ESP32-S3 USB Serial/JTAG controller is fixed-function hardware.

src/runtime/runtime_esp32c3.go

@@ -151,6 +151,7 @@ func initTimerInterrupt() {
 // sleepTicks spins until the given number of ticks have elapsed, using the
 // TIMG0 alarm interrupt to avoid busy-waiting for the entire duration.
 func sleepTicks(d timeUnit) {
+	machine.FlushSerial()
 	target := ticks() + d
 	for ticks() < target {
 		// Set the alarm to fire at the target tick count (or as close

src/runtime/runtime_esp32sx.go

@@ -110,6 +110,7 @@ func initTimerInterrupt() {
 // sleepTicks spins until the given number of ticks have elapsed, using the
 // TIMG0 alarm interrupt to avoid busy-waiting for the entire duration.
 func sleepTicks(d timeUnit) {
+	machine.FlushSerial()
 	target := ticks() + d
 	for ticks() < target {
 		// Set the alarm to fire at the target tick count.